Investigation of the Effect of Covid-19 on the New Normal Behavior of Individuals in Respect to Online Shopping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14632891Anahtar Kelimeler:
Covid-19- Pandemic- Consumer Behavior- Online ShoppingÖzet
This study examines the determinants of online shopping behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on the sustainability of these behavioral shifts and the product categories most significantly impacted. The research employed a convenience sampling approach, utilizing an online survey administered to 463 consumers via Google Forms. Data analysis involved the application of factor analysis, descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations), and participation level assessments to measure Covid-19 purchasing behaviors. Regression analysis and t-tests were further conducted to explore variations across demographic variables. The findings indicate that the pandemic has substantially altered consumer behavior, with approximately 39% of purchases being conducted online. The most frequently purchased items comprised protective equipment, cleaning supplies, and food products. Compared to pre-pandemic consumption patterns, respondents reported increased budgets for cleaning products, enhanced efforts to locate cost-effective options, and elevated expenditures on clothing and personal care. Conversely, spending levels for food, electronics, and small household appliances remained largely unchanged. Moreover, the analysis identified significant variations in purchasing behaviors based on age and income, whereas no significant differences were observed across gender. These results underscore the enduring impact of the pandemic on online shopping practices. This study contributes to existing literature by providing a nuanced understanding of the transformations in consumer behavior prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic, offering critical insights for businesses and policymakers adapting to the evolving digital marketplace.
Referanslar
Abbey, J. D., & Meloy, M. G. (2017). Attention by Design: Using Attention Checks to Detect Inattentive Respondents and Improve Data Quality. Journal of Operations Management, 53, 63–70.
Abid, A., & Jie, S. (2021). Impact of COVID‐19 On Agricultural Food: A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis. Food Frontiers, 2(4), 396-406.
Ahmed, R. R., Streimikiene, D., Rolle, J. A., & Pham, A. D. (2020). The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Antecedents for the Impulse Buying Behavior Of US Citizens. Journal of Competitiveness, 12(3), 5–27.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory Of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
Akdeniz, G., Kavakci, M., Gozugok, M., Yalcinkaya, S., Kucukay, A., & Sahutogullari, B. (2020). A Survey of Attitudes, Anxiety Status, and Protective Behaviors of University Students During the Covid-19 Outbreak in Turkiye. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1–9.
Alhaimer, R. (2022). Fluctuating Attitudes and Behaviors of Customers Toward Online Shopping in Times Of Emergency: The Case Of Kuwait DuringtThe Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Internet Commerce, 21(1), 26–50.
Alon, I. (2020). Covid-19 and international business: A viewpoint. FIIB Business Review, 9(2), 75–77.
Alonso, A. D., Kok, S. K., Bressan, A., O'Shea, M., Sakellarios, N., Koresis, A., Solis, M. A. B., & Santoni, L. J. (2020). Covid-19, Aftermath, Impacts, and Hospitality Firms: An International Perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 1–11.
Aruga, K., Islam, M. D., & Jannat, A. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on Indian Energy Consumption. Sustainability, 12(14), 5616.
Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic Consumption During the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic. NBER Working Paper No. 26949.
Baltacı, A., & Akaydın, H. (2020). The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic Period on Consumers' Food Product Purchasing Behavior: A Literature Review. YIU Journal of Health Sciences, 1, 57–64.
Baltacı, S., & Akaydın, G. (2020). "COVID-19 and Consumer Behavior: A New Era for E-commerce." International Journal of Market Research, 63(3), 276–285.
Baydaş, A. (2007). Pazarlama Açısından Markanın Finansal Değeri ve Dış Ticaret İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama. Bilim Dergisi (Bilig) ,(42), 127, 150.
Belk, R. W. (2020). Post-Pandemic Consumption: Portal to a New World? Cadernos EBAPE, 18(3), 639–647.
Bond, A. J., Widdop, P., Cockayne, D., & Parnell, D. (2021). Prosumption, Networks, and Value During a Global Pandemic: Lockdown Leisure and Covid-19. Leisure Sciences, 43(1–2), 70–77.
Bretas, V. P. G., & Alon, I. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Franchising in Emerging Markets: An Example from Brazil. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 39(6), 6–16.
Cai, R., & Leung, X. Y. (2020). Mindset Matters in Purchasing Online Food Deliveries During The Pandemic: The Application of Construal Level and Regulatory Focus Theories. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102677.
Carroll, A., & Conboy, K. (2020). "Consumer Risk Perception and Trust in Online Shopping: The Role of E-commerce in the COVID-19 Era."Journal of Information Technology, 35(4), 321-332.
Carroll, N., & Conboy, K. (2020). Normalizing the “New Normal”: Changing Tech-Driven Work Practices Under Pandemic Time Pressure. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102186.
Chaffey, D. (2015). Digital Marketing: Strategy, Implementation, and Practice (6th ed.). Pearson Education.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.
Dang, H. L., Bao, N. V., & Cho, Y. C. (2023). Consumer Behavior E-Commerce in the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic: Implications for Relationship Marketing and Environment. Asian Journal of Business Environment, 13(1), 9–19.
Das, D., Sarkar, A., & Debroy, A. (2022). Impact Of COVID‐19 On Changing Consumer Behaviour: Lessons From an Emerging Economy. International Journal Of Consumer Studies, 46(3), 692-715.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Technology acceptance model: TAM. Al-Suqri, MN, Al-Aufi, AS: Information Seeking Behavior and Technology Adoption, 205, 219.
Del Rio-Chanona, R. M., Mealy, P., Pichler, A., Lafond, F., & Farmer, D. F. (2020). Supply and Demand Shocks in the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Industry and Occupation Perspective. Covid Economics Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 6, 65–103.
Deng, S., Wang, W., Xie, P., Chao, Y., & Zhu, J. (2020). Perceived Severity of Covid-19 and Post-Pandemic Consumption Willingness: The Roles of Boredom and Sensation-Seeking. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2437.
Deng, W., Bao, L., Liu, J., Xiao, C., Liu, J., Xue, J., ... & Qin, C. (2020). Primary Exposure to SARS-Cov-2 Protects Against Reinfection in Rhesus Macaques. Science, 369(6505), 818-823.
Dewan. M., & Rana. OC., (2021). Online Shopping Behavior of Consumers During Covid-19 Situation, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 8, 11
Eger, L., Komárková, L., Egerová, D., & Mičík, M. (2021). The Effect of Covid-19 on Consumer Shopping Behaviour: Generational Cohort Perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, 102542.
Familmaleki, M., Aghighi, A., & Hamidi, K. (2015). Analyzing the Influence of Sales Promotion on Customers' Purchasing Behavior. International Journal of Economics & Management Sciences, 4(4), 1–6.
Farhadi, H., Fatemi, M., & Ayatollahi, S. (2021). Experimental Investigation on the Dominating Fluid-Fluid And Rock-Fluid Interactions During Low Salinity Water Flooding in Water-Wet And Oil-Wet Calcites. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 204, 108697.
Farhadi, N. (2021). Can We Rely On COVID-19 Data? An Assessment of Data from Over 200 Countries Worldwide. Science Progress, 104(2), 00368504211021232.
Fedushko, S., & Ustyianovych, T. (2022). E-Commerce Customer Behavior Research Using Cohort Analysis: A Case Study of Covid-19. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(1), 12.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Gerhold, L. (2020). Covid-19: Risk Perception and Coping Strategies. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xmpk4
González-Bailón, S., & Wang, N. (2016). "The Role of Recommendation Systems in Consumer Satisfaction and Loyalty in E-Commerce." Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3362-3369.
González-Bailón, S., et al. (2016). "The Rise of Digital Transformation: Online Shopping as a Theory-Driven Consumer Behavior Model."Journal of Consumer Psychology, 26(1), 40–50.
Goswami, S., & Chouhan, V. (2021). Impact of Change in Consumer Behavior and Need Prioritization on Retail Industry in Rajasthan During Covid-19 Pandemic. Materials Today Proceedings, 46(20), 10262–10267.
Grashuis, J., Skevas, T., & Segovia, M. S. (2020). Grocery Shopping Preferences During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 12(13), 5369.
Gu, S., Ślusarczyk, B., Hajizada, S., Kovalyova, I., & Sakhbieva, A. (2021). Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior. Journal of Theoretical And Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(6), 2263-2281.
Gungordu Belbag, A. (2021). Impacts Of Covid-19 Pandemic on Consumer Behavior in Turkiye: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.1242320
Guthrie, C., Fosso-Wamba, S., & Arnaud, J. B. (2021). Online Consumer Resilience During a Pandemic: An Exploratory Study of E-Commerce Behavior Before, During, and After a Covid-19 Lockdown. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, 102570.
Güney, O. I., & Sangün, L. (2021). How Covid-19 Affects Individuals' Food Consumption Behavior: A Consumer Survey on Attitudes and Habits in Turkiye. British Food Journal, 123, 2307–2320.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
Hall, M. C., Prayag, G., Fieger, P., & Dyason, D. (2020). Beyond Panic Buying: Consumption Displacement and Covid-19. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 113–128.
Hassen, T. B., El Bilali, H., & Allahyari, M. S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Food Behavior and Consumption in Qatar. Sustainability, 12(17), 1–18.
Hill, R. P. (2020). Pandemic 101. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 54(2), 393–394.
Hobbs, J. E. (2020). Food Supply Chains During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68, 171–176.
Horky, T. (2021). No Sports, No Spectators–No Media, No Money? The Importance of Spectators and Broadcasting for Professional Sports During Covid-19. Soccer & Society, 22(1–2), 96–102.
https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en (Erişim tarihi:27.12.2024)
Huang, A., Makridis, C., Baker, M., Medeiros, M., & Guo, Z. (2020). Understanding The impact of Covid-19 Intervention Policies on the Hospitality Labor Market. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 1–9.
Huck, S., W. (2009). Statistical Misconceptions. New York: Routledge.
Hudimova, A., Popovych, I., Baidyk, V., Buriak, O., & Kechyk, O. (2021). The Impact of Social Media on Young Web Users' Psychological Well-Being During the Covid-19 Pandemic Progression. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 10(39), 50–61.
Ilyas, Z., Ahmad, P. A., & Khursheed, S. (2022). The impact of gender, age, income, and health condition on fear of Covid-19 and panic buying behavior.
Inoue, H., Todo, Y. Has. (2023). Covid-19 Permanently Changed Online Purchasing Behavior? EPJ Data Sci. 12, 1 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00375-1
Islam, T., Pitafi, A. H., Arya, V., Wang, Y., Akhtar, N., Mubarik, S., & Khan, M. S. (2021). A Study on the Influence of Covid-19 on Consumer Purchase Behavior in Pakistan. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–13.
Jha, A. K., Bhanot, A., & Sharma, A. (2021). The Impact of Covid-19 on Consumer Behavior in India: The Role Of Social Media. SAGE Open, 11(2), 1–12.
Jha, S., & Pradhan, V. (2020). Factors Causing Change in Customer Behaviour During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(19), 3792-3804.
Karagöz, Y. (2017). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri ve Yayın Etiği, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
Kardes, F. R., Cronley, M. L., & Cline, T. W. (2011). Consumer Behavior. South-Western, Cengage Learning.
Kaushal, V., & Srivastava, S. (2021). Hospitality and Tourism Industry Amid COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives on Challenges and Learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102707.
Kemp, S. A., Collier, D. A., Datir, R. P., Ferreira, I. A., Gayed, S., Jahun, A., & Visualization Johnson Rob 82. (2021). SARS-Cov-2 Evolution During Treatment of Chronic Infection. Nature, 592(7853), 277-282.
Kim, Y. A., & Srivastava, J. (2007, August). Impact Of Social Influence in E-Commerce Decision Making. In Proceedings Of The Ninth İnternational Conference On Electronic Commerce (pp. 293-302).
Laato, S., Islam, A. N., Farooq, A., & Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual Purchasing Behavior During the Early Stages of The COVID-19 Pandemic: The Stimulus-Organism-Response Approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102224.
Leach, M., MacGregor, H., Scoones, I., & Wilkinson, A. (2021). Post-Pandemic Transformations: How and Why COVID-19 Requires Us to Rethink Development. World development, 138, 105233.
Li, C., Yang, Y., & Ren, L. (2020). Genetic Evolution Analysis Of 2019 Novel Coronavirus and Coronavirus from Other Species. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 82, 104285.
Li, Y., Wang, X., Wang, H., & Zhang, H. (2021). Consumer Purchasing Behavior of Food During the Pandemic: A review. Food Quality and Preference, 87, 1–8.
Liu, Y., & Shestak, A. (2020). "Consumer Preferences and E-commerce: Trends and Implications for Online Retailers." International Journal of E-commerce, 24(3), 321-334.
Lounis, M., & Bagal, D. K. (2020). Estimation of SIR Model’s Parameters Of COVID-19 in Algeria. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1), 180.
Lustig, C., & Mariscal, M. (2020). "The Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Behavior: The Rise of Online Shopping." Journal of Consumer Behavior, 25(5), 447–460.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample Size İn Factor Analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
Marketing Turkiye. (2020). COVID-19 Döneminde Türkiye’de Tüketici Davranışları. Marketing Türkiye Raporu. https://marketingturkiye.com.tr/covid19-raporu
Masaeli, N., & Farhadi, H. (2021). Prevalence of Internet-Based Addictive Behaviors During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Journal of addictive diseases, 39(4), 468-488.
Mason, A, Narcum, J., &J., & Mason, K., (2020). Changes in Consumer Decision-Making Resulting from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 19 ((4).
Mckinsey & Company. (2020). The New Consumer Behavior Paradigm Amid COVID-19: Permanent or Transient? Mckinsey Global Reports. Https://www.Mckinsey.Com/Covid19-Consumer
McKinsey, G. L., Lizama, C. O., Keown-Lang, A. E., Niu, A., Santander, N., Larpthaveesarp, A., & Arnold, T. D. (2020). A New Genetic Strategy for Targeting Microglia in Development and Disease. elife, 9, e54590.
Mehta, S., Saxena, T., & Purohit, N. (2020). The New Consumer Behaviour Paradigm Amid COVID-19: Permanent Or Transient?. Journal Of Health Management, 22(2), 291-301.
Meyer, S. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 effect on ecommerce. Big Commer.
Michalikova, K. F., Blazek, R., & Rydell, L. (2022). Delivery Apps Use During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Consumer Satisfaction Judgments, Behavioral İntentions, And Purchase Decisions. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 17(1), 70-82.
Milakovic, M., Corrado, A. M., Tadrous, M., Nguyen, M. E., Vuong, S., & Ivers, N. M. (2021). Effects of a Single-Entry Intake System on Access to Outpatient Visits to Specialist Physicians and Allied Health Professionals: A Systematic Review. Canadian Medical Association Open Access Journal, 9(2), E413-E423.
Morgan, G. A., Leech, N. L., Gloeckner, G. W. ve Barret, K. C. (2004). SPSS for Introductory Statistics: Use And Interpretation. Second Edition. London: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Muangmee, C., Kot, S., Meekaewkunchorn, N., Kassakorn, N., & Khalid, B. (2021). Factors Determining the Behavioral Intention of Using Food Delivery Apps During COVID-19 Pandemics. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(5), 1297-1310.
Oliveira, T., Alhinho, M., Rita, P., & Dhillon, G. (2017). Modelling and Testing Consumer Trust Dimensions in E-Commerce. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 153-164.
Prasetyo, Y. T., et al. (2021). "The Impact of COVID-19 on Online Shopping Behavior: A Review and Future Directions." E-commerce Research and Applications, 45, 100928.
Prentice, C., Chen, J., & Stantic, B. (2020). Timed Intervention in COVID-19 and Panic Buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102203.
Rana, A., Yadav, K., & Jagadevan, S. (2020). A Comprehensive Review on Green Synthesis of Nature-Inspired Metal Nanoparticles: Mechanism, Application and Toxicity. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122880.
Richards, T. J., & Rickard, B. (2020). COVID‐19 Impact on Fruit and Vegetable Markets. Canadian Journal Of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne D'agroeconomie, 68(2), 189-194.
Rossolov, A., Aloshynskyi, Y., & Lobashov, O. (2022). How COVID-19 Has Influenced The Purchase Patterns Of Young Adults in Developed and Developing Economies: Factor Analysis of Shopping Behavior Roots. Sustainability, 14(2), 941.
Rude, J. (2020). COVID‐19 and the Canadian Cattle/Beef Sector: Some Preliminary Analysis. Canadian Journal Of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne D'agroeconomie, 68(2), 207-213.
Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. HarperCollins
Shadmi, E., Chen, Y., Dourado, I., Faran-Perach, I., Furler, J., Hangoma, P., ... & Willems, S. (2020). Health equity and COVID-19: global perspectives. International Journal for Equity In Health, 19, 1-16.
Shaw, N., Eschenbrenner, B., & Baier, D. (2022). Online Shopping Continuance After COVID-19: A Comparison of Canada, Germany and The United States. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 69, 103100.
Solis, B. (2014). What's the Future of Business: Changing the Way Businesses Create Experiences. Wiley.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
Tadajewski, M. (2009). Competition, Cooperation and Open Price Associations: Relationship Marketing and Arthur Jerome Eddy (1859‐1920). Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 1(1), 122-143.
Tallon, J. (2020). "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Behavior: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Consumer Behavior, 20(5), 394-402.
Tallon, P. P. (2020). "Building Digital Trust and Loyalty in the Post-COVID Era: Key Insights for Retailers."Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 29(2), 101618.
Tallon, P. P. (2020). "Post-COVID Consumer Loyalty and E-commerce: Challenges and Opportunities."Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 29(4), 101618.
Truong, D., & Truong, M. D. (2022). How Do Customers Change Their Purchasing Behaviors During The COVID-19 Pandemic?. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 67, 102963.
Tutar, G., Küçükoğlu, H., Özdemir, A., Alkan, Ö., & Ipekten, O. B. (2024). An Investigation of Gender Differences in E-Commerce Shopping Frequency During COVID-19: Evidence From Türkiye. SAGE Open, 14(4), 21582440241287630.
UNCTAD. (2020). Global E-Commerce Report: COVID-19’s Impact on Digital Trade. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/ecommerce-covid19
Xayrullaevna, T. S. (2020). The Importance of Using the Scientific Heritage of Ibn Sına in the Teaching of Biology in General Secondary Educatıon. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences,8(12).
Yürük, P. (2010). Kriz Dönemlerinde Tüketicilerin Satın Alma Davranışlarındaki Değişiklikler: Edirne Ilinde Bir Uygulama (Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
Zandi, G., et al. (2020). "Consumer Behavior During COVID-19: Shifts in Preferences and Consumption Patterns." Journal of Business Research, 120, 431–439.
Zhao, X., & Li, S. (2020). "E-commerce and Consumer Behavior: The Role of Technology in Enhancing Customer Loyalty."Journal of Business Research, 115, 121-128.
Zhao, X., & Li, S. (2020). "Technology-Enabled Personalized Shopping Experience and Consumer Loyalty: Implications for Theory and Practice." Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 39, 100925.
Zhao, X., & Li, Y. (2020). "Personalized Product Recommendations qnd Their Impact on Customer Satisfaction in E-Commerce." Journal of Interactive Marketing, 53, 78-92
Zhou, Q., Zhang, H., Fu, C., Zhou, Y., Dai, Z., Li, Y., ... & Luo, Y. (2018). The Distribution and Morphology of Microplastics in Coastal Soils Adjacent to The Bohai Sea and The Yellow Sea. Geoderma, 322, 201-208.
Zvarikova, K., Gajanova, L., & Higgins, M. (2022). Adoption of Delivery Apps During The COVID-19 Crisis: Consumer Perceived Value, Behavioral Choices, and Purchase Intentions. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 10(1), 69-81.
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
The Author(s) must make formal transfer of copyright for each article prior to publication in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences. Such transfer enables the Journal to defend itself against plagiarism and other forms of copyright infringement. Your cooperation is appreciated. You agree that copyright of your article to be published in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences is hereby transferred, throughout the World and for the full term and all extensions and renewals thereof, to International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences.
The Author(s) reserve(s): (a) the trademark rights and patent rights, if any, and (b) the right to use all or part of the information contained in this article in future, non-commercial works of the Author's own, or, if the article is a "work-for-hire" and made within the scope of the Author's employment, the employer may use all or part of the information contained in this article for intra-company use, provided the usual acknowledgements are given regarding copyright notice and reference to the original publication.
The Author(s) warrant(s) that the article is Author's original work, and has not been published before. If excerpts from copyrighted works are included, the Author will obtain written permission from the copyright owners and shall credit the sources in the article. The author also warrants that the article contains no libelous or unlawful statements, and does not infringe on the rights of others. If the article was prepared jointly with other Author(s), the Author agrees to inform the co-Author(s) of the terms of the copyright transfer and to sign on their behalf; or in the case of a "work-for-hire" the employer or an authorized representative of the employer.
The journal is registered with the ISSN : 1925-4423.
IJCEAS is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.
