Quality of Environmental Sustainability Reporting in Container Shipping
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18184551Anahtar Kelimeler:
Sustainability Reporting Quality, Container Shipping, Materiality, AssuranceÖzet
The quality of sustainability reporting (QSR) has become a focal point for both scholars and practitioners, largely due to heightened concerns surrounding corporate transparency and the risk of “greenwashing.” QSR comprises dimensions such as materiality, credibility, completeness, and assurance, ensuring that disclosed information is both relevant and reliable. This study investigates QSR dimensions in the container shipping industry, emphasizing the disclosure of environmental materiality and the extent to which external assurance is employed. Through conceptual content analysis of 47 sustainability reports published between 2018 and 2022 by the world’s top ten container shipping companies, the findings indicate that, although firms dedicate considerable attention to emissions and energy consumption, other issues (e.g., biodiversity, effluents) are comparatively underrepresented. Moreover, only a subset of these environmental disclosures undergoes external assurance, and the analysis focuses on the presence of assurance rather than the specific scope or type of engagements, which further calls into question the overall reliability and comprehensiveness of the reported information. The results highlight the need for more robust and standardized assurance frameworks and for closer scrutiny of QSR to enhance stakeholder confidence in container shipping’s sustainability reporting.
Referanslar
AccountAbility. (2024). AA1000 AccountAbility principles. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://www.accountability.org/standards/aa1000-accountability-principles/
Adams, C. A., & Evans, R. (2004). Accountability, completeness, credibility and the audit expectations gap. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, (14), 97–115. https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2004.su.00010
Adams, C. A., Druckman, P. B., & Picot, R. C. (2020). Sustainable Development Goals Disclosure (SDGD) recommendations. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from https://www.integratedreporting.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Adams_Druckman_Picot_2020_Final_SDGD_Recommendations.pdf
Adams, C. A., Alhamood, A., He, X., Tian, J., Wang, L., & Wang, Y. (2021). The double-materiality concept: Application and issues. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://www.globalreporting.org/media/jrbntbyv/griwhitepaper-publications.pdf
Ahmad, H., Yaqub, M., & Lee, S. H. (2024). Environmental-, social-, and governance-related factors for business investment and sustainability: A scientometric review of global trends. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(2), 2965–2987.
Al-Shaer, H., & Zaman, M. (2016). Board gender diversity and sustainability reporting quality. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 12(3), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2016.09.001
Al-Shaer, H., & Zaman, M. (2018). Credibility of sustainability reports. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(7), 973–986. DOI: 10.1002/bse.2046
Amini, M., Bienstock, C. C., & Narcum, J. A. (2018). Status of corporate sustainability: A content analysis of Fortune 500 companies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), 1450–1461. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2195
Beske, F., Haustein, E., & Lorson, P. C. (2020). Materiality analysis in sustainability and integrated reports. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 11(1), 162–186. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-12-2018-0343
Bepari, M. K., & Mollik, A. T. (2016). Stakeholders’ interest in sustainability assurance process: An examination of assurance statements reported by Australian companies. Managerial Auditing Journal, 31(6/7), 655–687https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-06-2015-1208
Boiral, O., Heras-Saizarbitoria, I., & Brotherton, M. C. (2019a). Assessing and improving the quality of sustainability reports: The auditors’ perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 155, 703–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3516-4
Boiral, O., Heras-Saizarbitoria, I., Brotherton, M. C., & Bernard, J. (2019b). Ethical issues in the assurance of sustainability reports: Perspectives from assurance providers. Journal of Business Ethics, 159, 1111–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3840-3
Boiral, O. (2013). Sustainability reports as simulacra? A counter-account of A and A+ GRI reports. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 26(7), 1036–1071. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2012-00998
Brusca, I., Labrador, M., & Larrán, M. (2018). The challenge of sustainability and integrated reporting at universities: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.292
Burritt, R. L., & Schaltegger, S. (2010). Sustainability accounting and reporting: Fad or trend? Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 23(7), 829–846.
Calabrese, A., Costa, R., & Rosati, F. (2015). A feedback-based model for CSR assessment and materiality analysis. Accounting Forum, 39(4), 312–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2015.06.002
Canning, M., O’Dwyer, B., & Georgakopoulos, G. (2019). Processes of auditability in sustainability assurance: The case of materiality construction. Accounting and Business Research, 49(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2018.1442208
Casey, R. J., & Grenier, J. H. (2015). Understanding and contributing to the enigma of corporate social responsibility (CSR) assurance in the United States. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34(1), 97–130. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50736
Chelli, M., Durocher, S., & Fortin, A. (2019). Substantive and symbolic strategies sustaining the environmentally friendly ideology. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 32(4), 1013–1042. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-02-2018-3343
Cho, C. H., Laine, M., Roberts, R. W., & Rodrigue, M. (2015). Organized hypocrite, organizational façades, and sustainability reporting. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 40, 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2014.12.003
Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., Richardson, G. D., & Vasvari, F. P. (2008). Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: An empirical analysis. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(4–5), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2007.05.003
Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B., Martínez-Ferrero, J., & García-Sánchez, I. M. (2017). Mitigating information asymmetry through sustainability assurance: The role of accountants and levels of assurance. International Business Review, 26(6), 1141–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.04.009
Carrington, T. (2019). A critical perspective on sustainability assurance. In S. Arvidsson (Ed.), Challenges in managing sustainable business: Reporting, taxation, ethics and governance (pp. 155–176). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93266-8_7
Cohen, J. R., & Simnett, R. (2015). CSR and assurance services: A research agenda. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50876
Cormier, D., Magnan, M., & Van der Meulen, B. (2005). Environmental disclosure quality in large German companies: Economic incentives, public pressures or institutional conditions? European Accounting Review, 14(1), 3–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/0963818042000339617
Dando, N., & Swift, T. (2003). Transparency and assurance: Minding the credibility gap. Journal of Business Ethics, 44, 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023351816790
De Micco, P., Rinaldi, L., Vitale, G., Cupertino, S., & Maraghini, M. P. (2021). The challenges of sustainability reporting and their management: The case of Estra. Meditari Accountancy Research, 29(3), 430–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-09-2019-0555
Dhaliwal, D. S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A., & Yang, Y. G. (2012). Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure. The Accounting Review, 87(3), 723–759. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10218
Dilling, P. F. (2010). Sustainability reporting in a global context: What are the characteristics of corporations that provide high-quality sustainability reports? An empirical analysis. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(1), 19–30.
Eccles, R. G., Krzus, M. P., Rogers, J., & Serafeim, G. (2012). The need for sector-specific materiality and sustainability reporting standards. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 24(2), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2012.00380.x
Edgley, C. (2014). A genealogy of accounting materiality. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(3), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2013.06.001
European Commission. (2021). The European Green Deal: Striving to be the first climate-neutral continent. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en
European Commission. (2023a). Corporate sustainability reporting. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en
European Commission. (2023b). The Commission adopts the European Sustainability Reporting Standards. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://finance.ec.europa.eu/news/commission-adopts-european-sustainability-reporting-standards-2023-07-31_en
European Union. (2022). Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022L2464
European Union. (2013). Directive on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings. Retrieved September 20, 2024, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2013/34/oj
Fasan, M., & Mio, C. (2017). Fostering stakeholder engagement: The role of materiality disclosure in integrated reporting. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(3), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1917
Farooq, M. B., & de Villiers, C. (2017). The market for sustainability assurance services: A comprehensive literature review and future avenues for research. Pacific Accounting Review, 29(1), 79–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-10-2016-0093
Farooq, M. B., Zaman, R., Sarraj, D., & Khalid, F. (2021). Examining the extent of and drivers for materiality assessment disclosures in sustainability reports. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 12(5), 965–1002.
Farooq, M. B., Azantouti, A. S. A., & Zaman, R. (2024). Non-financial information assurance: A review of the literature and directions for future research. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 15(1), 48–84. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-04-2020-0113
Gao, F., Dong, Y., Ni, C., & Fu, R. (2016). Determinants and economic consequences of non-financial disclosure quality. European Accounting Review, 25(2), 287–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2015.1013049
Garst, J., Maas, K., & Suijs, J. (2022). Materiality assessment is an art, not a science: Selecting ESG topics for sustainability reports. California Management Review, 65(1), 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125622112069
Gillet-Monjarret, C. (2018). Assurance reports included in the CSR reports of French firms: A longitudinal study. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 9(5), 570–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-09-2017-0098
Global Reporting Initiative. (2021). GRI 3: Material topics 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://www.globalreporting.org/how-to-use-the-gri-standards/gri-standards-english-language/
Global Reporting Initiative. (2023). Double materiality: The guiding principle for sustainability reporting. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://www.globalreporting.org/media/rz1jf4bz/gri-double-materiality-final.pdf
Global Reporting Initiative. (2024a). The global leader for impact reporting. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://www.globalreporting.org/
Global Reporting Initiative. (2024b). The global leader for impact reporting. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://www.globalreporting.org/how-to-use-the-gri-standards/gri-standards-english-language/
Hahn, R., & Kühnen, M. (2013). Determinants of sustainability reporting: A review of results, trends, theory, and opportunities in an expanding field of research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 59, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.005
Helfaya, A., Whittington, M., & Alawattage, C. (2019). Exploring the quality of corporate environmental reporting. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 32(1), 163–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-04-2015-2023
Hsu, C. W., Lee, W. H., & Chao, W. C. (2013). Materiality analysis model in sustainability reporting: A case study at Lite-On Technology Corporation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 57, 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.040
Hummel, K., & Schlick, C. (2016). The relationship between sustainability performance and sustainability disclosure quality: Hard numbers beat smooth talk. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 35(5), 455–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2016.06.001
International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. (2021). International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3000 (Revised): Assurance engagements other than audits or reviews of historical financial information. Retrieved September 20, 2024, from https://www.iaasb.org/publications/international-standard-assurance-engagements-isae-3000-revised-assurance-engagements-other-audits-or
International Financial Reporting Standards. (2022). International Sustainability Standards Board. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.ifrs.org/groups/international-sustainability-standards-board/
International Financial Reporting Standards. (2023a). IFRS S1 General requirements for disclosure of sustainability-related financial information. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/publications/pdf-standardsissb/english/2023/issued/part-a/issb-2023-a-ifrs-s1-general-requirements-for-disclosure-of-sustainability-related-financial-information.pdf
International Financial Reporting Standards. (2023b). IFRS S2 Climate-related disclosures. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/publications/pdf-standardsissb/english/2023/issued/part-a/issb-2023-a-ifrs-s2-climate-related-disclosures.pdf
International Financial Reporting Standards. (2024). Integrated reporting. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://integratedreporting.ifrs.org/the-iirc-2/
International Maritime Organization. (2019). Marine environment. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Default.aspx
Jayarathna, C. P., Agdas, D., Dawes, L., & Miska, M. (2022). Exploring sector-specific sustainability indicators: A content analysis of sustainability reports in the logistics sector. European Business Review, 34(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-02-2021-0047
Jones, P., Comfort, D., & Hillier, D. (2016a). Managing materiality: A preliminary examination of the adoption of the new GRI G4 guidelines on materiality within the business community. Journal of Public Affairs, 16(3), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1586
Jose, T. (2017). Need for harmonisation of sustainability reporting standards. Journal of Finance and Economics, 5(6), 253–258. DOI:10.12691/jfe-5-6-1
Jørgensen, S., Mjøs, A., & Pedersen, L. J. T. (2022). Sustainability reporting and approaches to materiality: Tensions and potential resolutions. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 13(2), 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-01-2021-0009
Jose, A., & Lee, S. M. (2007). Environmental reporting of global corporations: A content analysis based on website disclosures. Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 307–321. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25075385
Junior, R. M., Best, P. J., & Cotter, J. (2014). Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a worldwide phenomenon. Journal of Business Ethics, 120, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1637-y
Karagiannis, I., Vouros, P., Sioutas, N., & Evangelinos, K. (2022). Mapping the maritime CSR agenda: A cross-sectoral materiality analysis of sustainability reporting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 338, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130139
Khan, H. Z., Bose, S., Mollik, A. T., & Harun, H. (2021). “Greenwashing” or “authentic effort”? An empirical investigation of the quality of sustainability reporting by banks. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 34(2), 338–369. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-01-2018-3330
KPMG. (2020). The KPMG Survey of Sustainability Reporting 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/be/pdf/2020/12/The_Time_Has_Come_KPMG_Survey_of_Sustainability_Reporting_2020.pdf
KPMG. (2022). Big shifts, small steps: Survey of Sustainability Reporting 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/se/pdf/komm/2022/Global-Survey-of-Sustainability-Reporting-2022.pdf
Krippendorff, K. (1989). Content analysis An Introduction to its Methodology (2nd Edition). United Kingdom: Sage Publications.
Leung, S., Parker, L., & Courtis, J. (2015). Impression management through minimal narrative disclosure in annual reports. The British Accounting Review, 47(3), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2015.04.002
Lo, S. F., & Sheu, H. J. (2007). Is corporate sustainability a value-increasing strategy for business? Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00565.x
Lyon, T. P., & Maxwell, J. W. (2011). Greenwash: Corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20(1), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2010.00282.x
Mahoney, L. S., Thorne, L., Cecil, L., & LaGore, W. (2013). A research note on standalone corporate social responsibility reports: Signaling or greenwashing? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 24(5), 350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2012.09.008
Manetti, G., & Becatti, L. (2009). Assurance services for sustainability reports: Standards and empirical evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9809-x
Manetti, G., & Toccafondi, S. (2012). The role of stakeholders in sustainability reporting assurance. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1044-1
Meng, B., Peters, G. P., Wang, Z., & Li, M. (2018). Tracing CO₂ emissions in global value chains. Energy Economics, 73, 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.05.013
Messier, W. F., Jr., Martinov-Bennie, N., & Eilifsen, A. (2005). A review and integration of empirical research on materiality: Two decades later. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 24(2), 153–187. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2005.24.2.153
Michelon, G., & Parbonetti, A. (2012). The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. Journal of Management & Governance, 16, 477–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-010-9160-3
Michelon, G., Pilonato, S., & Ricceri, F. (2015). CSR reporting practices and the quality of disclosure: An empirical analysis. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 33, 59–78.
Ngu, S. B., & Amran, A. (2018). Materiality disclosure in sustainability reporting: Fostering stakeholder engagement. Strategic Direction, 34(5), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2014.10.003
Nusa, K., & Kodak, G. (2023). Comparison of maritime and road transportation in emissions perspective: A review article. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(2), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1254161
Nosratabadi, S., Mosavi, A., Shamshirband, S., Zavadskas, E. K., Rakotonirainy, A., & Chau, K. W. (2019). Sustainable business models: A review. Sustainability, 11(6), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061663
O’Dwyer, B. (2011). The case of sustainability assurance: Constructing a new assurance service. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28(4), 1230–1266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2011.01108.x
O’Dwyer, B., Owen, D., & Unerman, J. (2011). Seeking legitimacy for new assurance forms: The case of assurance on sustainability reporting. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 36(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2011.01.002
United Nations. (1987). Our common future. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/139811?v=pdf
United Nations. (2015). Sustainable development. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals
United Nations. (2022). The Paris Agreement. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement
United Nations Global Compact. (2024). The Ten Principles of the UN Global Compact. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles
Perego, P., & Kolk, A. (2012). Multinationals’ accountability on sustainability: The evolution of third-party assurance of sustainability reports. Journal of Business Ethics, 110, 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1420-5
Placek, M. (2023). Container shipping: Statistics & facts. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.statista.com/topics/1367/container-shipping/#topicOverview
Peters, G. P., Minx, J. C., Weber, C. L., & Edenhofer, O. (2011). Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(21), 8903–8908. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006388108
Rezaee, Z., & Tuo, L. (2019). Are the quantity and quality of sustainability disclosures associated with the innate and discretionary earnings quality? Journal of Business Ethics, 155(3), 763–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3546-y
Ruiz-Barbadillo, E., & Martínez-Ferrero, J. (2022). The choice of incumbent financial auditors to provide sustainability assurance and audit services from a legitimacy perspective. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 13(2), 459–493. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-04-2021-0121
Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. (2024). SASB standards. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://sasb.ifrs.org/about/
Siew, R. Y. (2015). A review of corporate sustainability reporting tools (SRTs). Journal of Environmental Management, 164, 180–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.010
Simnett, R., Vanstraelen, A., & Chua, W. F. (2009). Assurance on sustainability reports: An international comparison. The Accounting Review, 84(3), 937–967. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.3.937
The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. (2018). The climate challenge. Retrieved September 19, 2024, from https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/about/#our-work
Thorne, L., Mahoney, L. S., & Manetti, G. (2014). Motivations for issuing standalone CSR reports: A survey of Canadian firms. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 27(4), 686–714. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-07-2013-1393
Torelli, R., Balluchi, F., & Furlotti, K. (2020). The materiality assessment and stakeholder engagement: A content analysis of sustainability reports. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 470–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1813
World Trade Organization. (2021). Trade and climate change. Retrieved August 11, 2023, from https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/clim_03nov21-4_e.pdf
Zhang, Z., Guan, D., Wang, R., Meng, J., Zheng, H., Zhu, K., & Du, H. (2020). Embodied carbon emissions in the supply chains of multinational enterprises. Nature Climate Change, 10(12), 1096–1101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0895-9
İndir
Yayınlanmış
Nasıl Atıf Yapılır
Sayı
Bölüm
Lisans
Telif Hakkı (c) 2025 International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences
Bu çalışma Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.
The Author(s) must make formal transfer of copyright for each article prior to publication in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences. Such transfer enables the Journal to defend itself against plagiarism and other forms of copyright infringement. Your cooperation is appreciated. You agree that copyright of your article to be published in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences is hereby transferred, throughout the World and for the full term and all extensions and renewals thereof, to International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences.
The Author(s) reserve(s): (a) the trademark rights and patent rights, if any, and (b) the right to use all or part of the information contained in this article in future, non-commercial works of the Author's own, or, if the article is a "work-for-hire" and made within the scope of the Author's employment, the employer may use all or part of the information contained in this article for intra-company use, provided the usual acknowledgements are given regarding copyright notice and reference to the original publication.
The Author(s) warrant(s) that the article is Author's original work, and has not been published before. If excerpts from copyrighted works are included, the Author will obtain written permission from the copyright owners and shall credit the sources in the article. The author also warrants that the article contains no libelous or unlawful statements, and does not infringe on the rights of others. If the article was prepared jointly with other Author(s), the Author agrees to inform the co-Author(s) of the terms of the copyright transfer and to sign on their behalf; or in the case of a "work-for-hire" the employer or an authorized representative of the employer.
The journal is registered with the ISSN : 1925-4423.
IJCEAS is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.
