Battlefield Tourism: An Examination of Events Held by European Institutions and Their Websites Related to Battlefields
Keywords:
Heritage tourism, Thanatourism, Dark Tourism, Battlefields, Battlefield TourismAbstract
The wars that have taken place throughout the history of mankind have brought many deaths and devastation. Throughout history, visits have been realized to areas where battles have taken place. In our age of information technology with the developments experienced in communication technologies, many experiences have emerged that directed the members of societies to tourism movements. One of these experiences is tourism movements for battlefields. In this research, the battlefields that existed throughout history but which have begun to be discussed recently in the academic world have been explored. European institutions and their websites related to battlefields examined. Three institutions and their websites determined after the application of snowball sampling method. Firstly qualitative information related to three institutions examined and secondly quantitative information regard to events advertised in institutions’ web sites analyzed. Finally, some suggestions have been put forward about the tourism demand and its structure for these areas.
References
REFERENCES
Adams, P, C. (2007). “Footsteps Across Time The Evolution, Use and Relevance of Battlefield Visits to the British Armed Forces”, (Crenfield University, Defence College of Management and Technology, Unpublished Phd Thesis), Crenfield.
Ashworth, G. and Tunbridge, J. (1990). “The Tourist Historic City”, Belhaven Press, New York.
Ashworth, G, J. (2000). “Heritage, Tourism and Places: A Review”, Tourism Recreation Research, 25 (1), pp. 19-29,
Ashworth, G, J. (2004). “Tourism and the Heritage of Atrocity: Managing the Heritage of South African Apartheid for Entertainment”, New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices, Hz. T, V, Singh, CABI, Cambridge MA: 95-108.
Ballesteros, R. E., and Ramirez, H., M. (2007). “Identity and Community: Reflections on the Development of Minning Heritage Tourism İn Southern Spain”, Tourism Management, 28: 677-687.
Basarin, V. J. (2011). “Battlefield Tourism-Anzac Day Commemorations at Gallipoli: An Empirical Analysis”, (Deakin University, Unpublished Phd Thesis), Australia.
Blom, T. (2000) “Morbid Tourism a Postmodern Market with an Example from Althorp”, Norsk Geogr Tidsskr, 54: 29-36.
Bowes, R. (1989). “Tourism and Heritage: A New Approach to the Product”, Recreation Research Review, 14 (4): 35-40.
Carley, K. (1993). “Coding Choices for Textual Analysis: A Comparison of Content Analysis and Map Analysis”, Sociological Methodology, 23: 75-126.
Dann, G, M, S. (1995). “Tourism: the Nostalgia Industry of the Future. In Theobald”, Global Tourism, Ed. William, F, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford: 35-37.
Dunkley, R, A. (2007). “Re-Peopling Tourism: A 'Hot Approach, to Studying Thanatourist Experiences”, The Critical Tun? in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methodologies (Advances in Tourism Research), Ed. Morgan I, ve Pritchard, N, Oxford, Elsevier: 371-386.
Fyall, A., and Garrod, B. (1998). “Heritage Tourism: at What Price?”, Managing Leisure, 3 (4): 213-228,
Graham, B, Ashworth, G.J, and Tunbridge, J.E. (2000). “A Geography of Heritage: Power Cutture and Economy”, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Gunn, C. A. (1997). “Attractions: First Power”, Third Ed., Vacationscape, Taylor & Francis, Washington.
Hewison, R. (1987). “The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline”, Methuen, London.
Hollinshead, K. (1988). “First Blush of the Long Time: The Market Development of the Australia’s Living Aborginal Heritage: Tourism Research Expanding Boundaries”, Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of Travel and Tourism Research Association: 183-198.
Jamal, T, B, and Kim, H. (2005) “Bridging the Interdisciplinary Divide: Towards an Integrated Framework for Heritage Tourism Research”, Tourist Studies, 5 (1): 55-83.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998). “Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage”, Ca: University of California Press, Berkley.
Johnson, P. and Thomas, B. (1995). “Heritage as Business”, Heritage, Tourism and ,Society, Ed. Herbert, D.,Mansell Publishing House, London: 170-190.
Kenneth, E, F. (2003). “Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy”, Revised Edition, Austin: University of Texas Press, Texas.
Kurnaz, H. A., Çeken, H. and Kılıç, B. (2013). “HüzünTurizmiKatılımcılarınınSeyahatMotivasyonlarınınBelirlenmesi”, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (2): 57-73.
Leiper, N. (1981). “Towards a Cohesive Curriculum in Tourism The Case for a Distinct Discipline”, Annals of Tourism Research: 69-84.
Lowenthal, D. (2005). “Natural and Cultural Heritage”, International Journal of Heritage Studies,11(1): 81-92.
Lennon, J. J. ve Foley, M. (2000). “Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death An Disaster, Continuum”, London.
Lloyd, D. W. (1998). “Battlefield Tourism Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada”, Berg, New York.
MacCannell, D. (1992). “Empty Meeting Grounds: The Tourist Papers”, London: Routledge.
MacCannell, D. (1999). “The Tourist”, MacMillan, London.
Mckrecher, B., Cros, H., veMckrecher, R. (2002). “Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Managemen”t, Haworth Hospitality Press, USA: 23.
Miles, S.T. (2011). “Battlefield Tourism: Meanings and Interpretations”,(University of Glasgow, College of Arts, Unpublished Phd Thesis), Glasgow.
Nuryanti, W. (1996). “Heritage and Postmodern Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2): 249-260.
Page, S., J. (2007). “Tourism Management”, USA, Elsevier.
Prentice, R. (1993). “Tourism and Heritage Attraction”, Routledge, London.
Prideaux, S. (2007). “Echoes of War: Battlefield Tourism”, Battlefield Tourism History, Place and Interpretation, Ed. Ryan, C., Elsevier, London: 17-27.
Poria, Y. Butler, R. and Airey, D. (2001).”Clarifying Heritage Tourism”, .Annals of Tourism Research, 28 (4): 1047-1049.
Ryan, C.. (2007). “Introduction”, Battlefield Tourism History, Place and Interpretation, Ed. Ryan, C., Elsevier, London: 1-10.
Ryan, C. and Trauer, B. (2005) “Sport Tourist Behaviour: The Example of the Masters Games”, In: Higham, J., Ed., Sport Tourism Destinations, Elsevier, Oxford: 177-187.
Rojek, C; “Indexing, Dragging and the Social Construction of Tourist Sights”, Touring Cultures, Hz. Rojek, C, veUrry, J, Routledge, London, 1997: 52-73.
Rose, G. (1995). “Place and Identity: A Sense of Place”, A Place in the World?:Places, Cultures and Globalization, Ed. Massey, D. ve Jess, P., Oxford University Press, Oxford: 87-132.
Schouten, F. (1995). “Heritage as Historical Reality”, Heritage, Tourism and Society, Ed. Herbert, D., Mansell Publishing House, London: 21-31.
Seaton, A. V. (1996). “Guided by the Dark; from Thanatopsis to Thanatourism”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2 (4): 234-244.
Sharpley, R. (2009). “Shedding Light on Dark Tourism”, The Darker Side of Travel The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism Ed. Sharpley R. and Stone P.
Smith, V. L. (1998). “War and Tourism: An American Etnography”, Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1): 202-227.
Stone, P, R. (2006). “A Dark Tourism Spectrum: Towards a Typology of Death and Macabre Related Tourist Sites Attractions and Exhibitions”, Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 52 (2): 145-160.
Stone, P, R, veSharpley, R. (2008). “Consuming Dark Tourism: A Thanatological Perspective”, Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (2): 574-595.
Timothy, D, J, and Boyd, S, W. (2006). “Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century: Valued Traditions and New Perspectives”, Journal of Heritage tourism, 1 (1),: 1-16.
Timothy, D, J. (2011). “Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction”, Channel View, Ontario.
Urry, J. (1990).”The Tourist Gaze, Sage”, London.
Upton, A. (2015). “Understanding the Reflections of Battlefield Tourist Regarding Their Experiences to Sitesi Associate with WWI and Vieatnam War: An Analysis of Travel Blogs”, (MIT, Unpublished Phd Thesis), USA.
Verdery, K. (1999). “The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Post Socialist Change”, Columbia University Press, New York.
Wilson, J, Z. (2008). “Prison: Cultural Memory and Dark Tourism”, Peter Lang Publishing, New York.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1500/ (Access Date: 21 February 2017).
http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2014-cultural-heritage-profile.pdf (Access Date: 18 February 2017)
http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/page50.asp (Access Date: 11 May 2017).
http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/index.asp (Access Date: 11 May 2017).
http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/media/314.pdf (Access Date: 17 May 2017).
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4172.0main+features172014 (Access Date: 7 March 2017).
http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Programs/Guides-Workshops-and-Webinars/Guides/Tourism-Business-Essentials-Guides/TBE-Guide-Cultural-and-Heritage-Tourism-Jan2014.pdf.aspx (Access Date: 16 May 2017).
http://www.grief-tourism.com/category/types-of-grief-tourism/ (Access Date: 16 May 2017).
https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to.../charter_draft5.doc (Access Date: 2 May 2017).
http://www.grief-tourism.com/category/types-of-grief-tourism/ (Access Date: 16 May 2017).
http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/04/150425_gelibolu_safak_ayini (Access Date: 1 May 2017).
https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~ssoy/usesusers/l391d1b.htm (Access Date: 17 May 2017).
http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (Access Date: 26 January 2018).
http://www.scottishbattlefields.org/overview/ (Access Date: 29 January 2018).
http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/about-the-wfa/ (Access Date: 14 January 2018).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The Author(s) must make formal transfer of copyright for each article prior to publication in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences. Such transfer enables the Journal to defend itself against plagiarism and other forms of copyright infringement. Your cooperation is appreciated. You agree that copyright of your article to be published in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences is hereby transferred, throughout the World and for the full term and all extensions and renewals thereof, to International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences.
The Author(s) reserve(s): (a) the trademark rights and patent rights, if any, and (b) the right to use all or part of the information contained in this article in future, non-commercial works of the Author's own, or, if the article is a "work-for-hire" and made within the scope of the Author's employment, the employer may use all or part of the information contained in this article for intra-company use, provided the usual acknowledgements are given regarding copyright notice and reference to the original publication.
The Author(s) warrant(s) that the article is Author's original work, and has not been published before. If excerpts from copyrighted works are included, the Author will obtain written permission from the copyright owners and shall credit the sources in the article. The author also warrants that the article contains no libelous or unlawful statements, and does not infringe on the rights of others. If the article was prepared jointly with other Author(s), the Author agrees to inform the co-Author(s) of the terms of the copyright transfer and to sign on their behalf; or in the case of a "work-for-hire" the employer or an authorized representative of the employer.
The journal is registered with the ISSN : 1925-4423.
IJCEAS is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.
