Geopolitical shifts and intercommunal cooperation - The changes of geographical directions of international municipal cooperation in France, Germany and Poland.
کلمات کلیدی:
twin cities, international cooperation, Europe, transitionچکیده
The article describes geographical directions of the international cooperation of the municipalities of big cities in France, Germany and Poland. The study was conducted on the existing twinning agreements of the cities in the years 1945-2009. Particular attention was paid to the years 1980-2009. As a big city was recognized a city with the population above 100 thousand inhabitants in 2009. The political changes of 1989 in Europe, influenced the cooperation of the cities. While before 1989 the municipal international cooperation in Poland was rather small and limited to one side of the Iron Curtain, the end of the socialist system resulted in the rapid expansion of the international cooperation. That growth can be identified especially for Poland. The geographical directions of the cooperation of Polish cities changed and moved from East Europe and the so called neutral states to West Europe. At the end of the period of the analysis, the links with East Europe were reestablished in Poland. The cooperation in Germany was characterized by the existence of inter-German twin cities agreements. France is presented in the study as a comparison country. There are visible links with the Northern Africa countries. Cities from all the analyzed countries are establishing intercontinental partnerships, which could be understood as a sign of globalization.
##submission.downloads##
چاپ شده
ارجاع به مقاله
شماره
نوع مقاله
مجوز
The Author(s) must make formal transfer of copyright for each article prior to publication in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences. Such transfer enables the Journal to defend itself against plagiarism and other forms of copyright infringement. Your cooperation is appreciated. You agree that copyright of your article to be published in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences is hereby transferred, throughout the World and for the full term and all extensions and renewals thereof, to International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences.
The Author(s) reserve(s): (a) the trademark rights and patent rights, if any, and (b) the right to use all or part of the information contained in this article in future, non-commercial works of the Author's own, or, if the article is a "work-for-hire" and made within the scope of the Author's employment, the employer may use all or part of the information contained in this article for intra-company use, provided the usual acknowledgements are given regarding copyright notice and reference to the original publication.
The Author(s) warrant(s) that the article is Author's original work, and has not been published before. If excerpts from copyrighted works are included, the Author will obtain written permission from the copyright owners and shall credit the sources in the article. The author also warrants that the article contains no libelous or unlawful statements, and does not infringe on the rights of others. If the article was prepared jointly with other Author(s), the Author agrees to inform the co-Author(s) of the terms of the copyright transfer and to sign on their behalf; or in the case of a "work-for-hire" the employer or an authorized representative of the employer.
The journal is registered with the ISSN : 1925-4423.
IJCEAS is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.
