Impact of Trade Openness, Green Energy, Economic Growth and Military Expenditures on Carbon Emissions in E-7 Countries: Panel Quantile Regression
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18147030Schlagworte:
Trade Openness, Green Energy, Economic Growth, Military Expenditure, Carbon Emissions, Panel Quantile RegressionAbstract
Increasing economic growth and environmental improvement are the ways to achieve sustainable development goals. In developing countries, increases in military expenditures, which are part of public expenditures, and the level of foreign trade may affect environmental quality. This study examines the impact of economic growth, trade openness, green energy and military expenditures on carbon emissions in E-7 countries for the period 1993-2023. The results confirm the existence of cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity and cointegration relationship among the variables. Panel quantile regression results show that economic growth and trade openness increase carbon emissions and decrease environmental quality, while green energy and military expenditures reduce carbon emissions and increase environmental quality. The results are checked for robustness using FMOLS, DOLS, FE-OLS and Driscoll-Kraay estimators’ long-term estimators and the results confirm the quantile regression results. These results provide important policy insights for E7 countries, which have significant potential in terms of the world economy. The study findings provide a broad perspective on environmental problems.
Literaturhinweise
Acheampong, A. O., Adams, S., & Boateng, E. (2019). Do Globalization and Renewable Energy Contribute To Carbon Emissions Mitigation In Sub-Saharan Africa?. Science of the Total Environment, 677, 436-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.353
Acheampong, A. O., Dzator, J., & Savage, D. A. (2021). Renewable energy, CO2 emissions and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: does institutional quality matter? Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(5), 1070-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106734
Adams, S., & Acheampong, A. O. (2019). Reducing Carbon Emissions: The Role of Renewable Energy and Democracy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, 118245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118245
Adanma, U. M., & Ogunbiyi, E. O. (2024). A comparative review of global environmental policies for promoting sustainable development and economic growth. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 6(5), 954-977. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v6i5.1147
Ahmed, Z., Zafar, M. W., & Mansoor, S. (2020). Analyzing the linkage between military spending, economic growth, and ecological footprint in Pakistan: evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 41551-41567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10076-9
Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Ye, Z., & Majeed, M. T. (2020). Heterogeneous Effects of Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy On Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119122
Ali, M., Tursoy, T., Samour, A., Moyo, D., & Konneh, A. (2022). Testing The Impact of The Gold Price, Oil Price, and Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions In South Africa: Novel Evidence From Bootstrap ARDL and NARDL Approaches. Resources Policy, 79, 102984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102984
Ali, S., Gucheng, L., Ying, L., Ishaq, M., & Shah, T. (2019). The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth and agricultural production in Pakistan: an autoregressive distributed lag analysis. Energies, 12(24), 4644. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12244644
Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S., 2001, Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?. American Economic Review 91(4): 877-908, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.877
Asongu, S. A., & Ndour, C. T. (2023). Military Expenditure, Governance, and Environmental Degradation In Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Processes, 10(4), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-023-00662-7
Aydin, M., Degirmenci, T. (2024). The role of greenfield investment and investment freedom on environmental quality: testing the EKC hypothesis for EU countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2024.2326567
Aydoğan, B., & Vardar, G. (2020). Evaluating the role of renewable energy, economic growth and agriculture on CO2 emission in E7 countries. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 39(4), 335-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2019.1686380
Baloch, M. A., Mahmood, N., & Zhang, J. W. (2019). Effect of Natural Resources, Renewable Energy and Economic Development On CO2 Emissions In BRICS Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 678, 632-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.028
Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D., & Farhani, S. (2018). How Economic Growth, Renewable Electricity and Natural Resources Contribute To CO2 Emissions?. Energy Policy, 113, 356-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.050
Banday, U. J., & Aneja, R. (2020). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emission in BRICS: evidence from bootstrap panel causality. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 14(1), 248-260. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-02-2019-0007
Barkat, K., Alsamara, M., Al Kwifi, O. S., & Jarallah, S. (2025). Does trade openness mitigate environmental degradation in Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries? Implications for achieving sustainable development. Natural resources forum, 49(1), 677-698). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12412
Bayar, İ., & Dabakoglu, M. (2024). How do economic growth, trade openness, and non-renewable and renewable energy affect environmental quality in VISTA Countries?. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 63-76. https://doi.org/10.20885/ejem.vol16.iss1.art6
Bildirici, M. (2017). The effects of militarization on biofuel consumption and CO2 emission. Journal of Cleaner Production, 152, 420-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.103
Bildirici, M. (2018). Impact of military on biofuels consumption and GHG emissions: the evidence from G7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 13560-13568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1545-x
Bradford, J. (2017). The Treadmill of Destruction In Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960-2014. Journal of World-Systems Research, 23(2), 298-325. https://doi.org/10.5195/Jwsr.2017.688
Breitung, J. (2001). The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data. In B. Baltagi, Et Al. (Eds.), Advances In Econometrics: Nonstationary Panels, Panels Cointegration and Dynamic Panels (Vol. 15, Pp. 161–178). https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.688
Cengiz, O., Baktemur, F. İ., & Canoglu, M. (2025). Estimating the role of economic globalization, technological development and household consumption on ecological footprint in visegrad countries. Problemy Ekorozwoju, 20(1), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.35784/preko.6609
Chang, L., Saydaliev, H. B., Meo, M. S., & Mohsin, M. (2022). How Renewable Energy Matter for Environmental Sustainability: Evidence From Top-10 Wind Energy Consumer Countries of European Union. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 31, 100716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2022.100716
Chang, S., Chen, B., & Song, Y. (2023). Militarization, renewable energy utilization, and ecological footprints: Evidence from RCEP economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 391, 136298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136298
Chiu, C. L., & Chang, T. H. (2009). What Proportion of Renewable Energy Supplies Is Needed To Initially Mitigate CO2 Emissions In OECD Member Countries?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6-7), 1669-1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.026
Choi, I. (2001). Unit Root Tests for Panel Data. Journal of International Money and Banking, 20(2), 249–272 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(00)00048-6
Chudik, A., & Pesaran, M. H. (2013). Econometric analysis of high dimensional VARs featuring a dominant unit. Econometric Reviews, 32(5-6), 592-649. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2012.740374
Cutcu, I., Eren, M. V., Cil, D., Karis, C., & Kocak, S. (2024). What is the long-run relationship between military expenditures, foreign trade and ecological footprint? Evidence from method of Maki cointegration test. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04647-w
Destek, M. A., Shahbaz, M., Okumus, I., Hammoudeh, S., & Sinha, A. (2020). The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in G-7 countries: evidence from time-varying parameters with a long history. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 29100-29117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09189-y
Dudley, J. P., Ginsberg, J. R., Plumptre, A. J., Hart, J. A., & Campos, L. C. (2002). Effects of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats. Conservation Biology, 16(2), 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00306.x
Efayena, O. O., & Olele, E. H. (2024). Environmental sustainability, terrorism, and military expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from panel quantile ARDL regression and panel causality. Sustainable Futures, 7, 100214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100214
Eregha, P. B., Vo, X. V., & Nathaniel, S. P. (2022). Military spending, financial development, and ecological footprint in a developing country: insights from bootstrap causality and Maki cointegration. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(55), 83945-83955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21728-3
Ertugrul, H. M., Cetin, M., Seker, F., & Dogan, E. (2016). The Impact of Trade Openness On Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence From The Top Ten Emitters Among Developing Countries. Ecological Indicators, 67, 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.027
Gökmenoğlu, K., Taşpınar, N., & Rahman, M. (2020). Military Expenditure, Financial Development and Environmental Degradation In Turkey: A Comparison of CO2 Emissions and Ecological Footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986-997. https://doi.Org/10.1002/Ijfe.1831
Gövdeli, T. (2024). The Nexus Between Economic Growth, Health Expenditure, Environmental Quality: A Comparative Study for E7 Countries. Reviews on Environmental Health, 39(3), 551-560. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2022-0246
Gözgör, G. (2017). Does Trade Matter for Carbon Emissions In OECD Countries? Evidence From A New Trade Openness Measure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(36), 27813-27821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0361-z
Güler, İ., Naimoğlu, M., Şimşek, O., Adali, Z., & Özbek, S. (2025). Analyzing the impact of economic growth and FDI on sustainable development goals in China: insights from ecological footprints and load capacity factors. Frontiers in Environmental Science 13: 1513158, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1513158
Guloglu, B., Kangalli Uyar, S. G. ve Uyar, U. (2016). Dynamic quantile panel data analysis of stock returns predictability. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(2), 115- 126. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n2p115
Guris, S., & Sak, N. (2019). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin toplamsal olmayan sabit etkili panel kantil yöntemiyle incelenmesi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(2), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2019.171
Hao, L. N., Umar, M., Khan, Z., & Ali, W. (2021). Green Growth and Low Carbon Emission In G7 Countries: How Critical The Network of Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Human Capital Is?. Science of The Total Environment, 752, 141853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141853
Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Saud, S., Usman, M., & Quddoos, M. U. (2023). Unveiling the liaison between human capital, trade openness, and environmental sustainability for BRICS economies: Robust panel‐data estimation. Natural Resources Forum, 47(2), 229-256. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12277
Ho, S. Y., & Iyke, B. N. (2019). Trade Openness and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries. Review of Economics, 70(1), 41-67. https://doi.org/10.1515/roe-2018-0001
Hultberg, P. (2018). Trade Openness, Economic Growth, and Environmental Degradation In Asian Developing Countries. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 20(5), 61. https://doi.org/10.33423/jabe.v20i5.361
Im, K. S., Pesaran, H. M., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
IRENA (2024). Renewable Energy Statıstıcs 2024. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Jul/IRENA_Renewable_Energy_Statistics_2024.pdf (20.02.2025).
Isiksal, A. Z. (2021). Testing the effect of sustainable energy and military expenses on environmental degradation: evidence from the states with the highest military expenses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 20487-20498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11735-7
Jamel, L., & Maktouf, S. (2017). The Nexus Between Economic Growth, Financial Development, Trade Openness, and CO2 Emissions in European Countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1341456. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2017.1341456
Jorgensen, A. K., & Clark, B. (2009). The economy, military, and ecologically unequal exchange relationships in comparative perspective: A panel study of the ecological footprints of nations, 1975-2000. Social Problems, 56, 621-646. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.621
Kander, A. & Lindmark, M. (2005). Foreign trade and declining pollution in Sweden: adecomposition analysis of long- term structural and technical effects. Energy Policy, 34(13), 1590-1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.12.007
Khan, M. B., Saleem, H., Shabbir, M. S., & Huobao, X. (2022). The effects of globalization, energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in South Asian countries. Energy & Environment, 33(1), 107-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X20986896
Khan, Z., Ali, S., Umar, M., Kirikkaleli, D., & Jiao, Z. (2020). Consumption-Based Carbon Emissions and International Trade In G7 Countries: The Role of Environmental Innovation and Renewable Energy. Science of The Total Environment, 730, 138945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138945
Kim, S. (2022). The Effects of Information and Communication Technology, Economic Growth, Trade Openness, and Renewable Energy On CO2 Emissions In OECD Countries. Energies, 15(7), 2517. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072517
Kizilkaya O., Kizilkaya O., Akar G., & Mike F., (2024) The role of energy consumption and economic growth on human development in emerging (E-7) countries: fresh evidence from second-generation panel data analyses, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development, 19(2):186-202. https://doi.org/10.35784/preko.5798
Koc, S., Bulus, G.C. (2020). Testing validity of the EKC Hypothesis in South Korea: role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 29043–29054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020- 09172-7
Koenker, R., ve Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantile. Econometrica, 46(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
Konuk, F., Kaya, E., Akpınar, S., & Yıldız, Ş. (2023). The Relationship Between Military Expenditures, Financial Development and Environmental Pollution In G7 Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01122-1
Kwakwa, P. A. (2022). The effect of industrialization, militarization, and government expenditure on carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(56), 85229-85242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21187-w
Lee, J. W. (2019). Long-Run Dynamics of Renewable Energy Consumption On Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth In The European Union. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2018.1492998
Li, B., & Haneklaus, N. (2022). Reducing CO2 Emissions in G7 Countries: The Role Of Clean Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Urbanization. Energy Reports, 8, 704-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.238
Li, G., & Wei, W. (2021). Financial development, openness, innovation, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Energy Economics, 97, 105194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105194
Li, R., Wang, Q., & Guo, J. (2024). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis of carbon emissions: exploring the impact of geopolitical risks, natural resource rents, corrupt governance, and energy intensity. Journal of Environmental Management 351: 119663, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119663
Liu, S.-T. (2021). China’s Use of Military Propaganda Technology. T.-Y. S.-M. Hung içinde, 2021 Report on the Defense Technology Trend Assessment‒Assessment of the New Generation of Chinese Communist Party’s Military Technology (s. 151-159). https://indsr.org.tw/en/respublicationcon?uid=16&resid=1893&pid=2344&typeid=1 (08.02.2025).
Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests With Panel Data and A New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics and Statistics, Special Issue, 631–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
Maki, D. (2012). Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.04.022
Mao, T., & Li, Q. (2024). The Impact of Sustainable Development and Spatial Rationality Planning of Urban Buildings Under the Guidance of Local Government Policies: Environmental Policy and Green Building Design Principles. Lex localis-Journal of Local Self-Government, 22(1), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.52152/22.1.197-216(2024)
Mihai, D. M., Doran, M. D., Puiu, S., Doran, N. M., Jianu, E., & Cojocaru, T. M. (2023). Managing Environmental Policy Stringency to Ensure Sustainable Development in OECD Countries. Sustainability, 15(21), 15427. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115427.
Murshed, M., Saboori, B., Madaleno, M., Wang, H., & Doğan, B. (2022). Exploring The Nexuses Between Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Role of Economic Complexity In The G7 Countries. Renewable Energy, 190, 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.121
Namahoro, J. P., Wu, Q., Zhou, N., & Xue, S. (2021). Impact of energy intensity, renewable energy, and economic growth on CO2 emissions: Evidence from Africa across regions and income levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 147, 111233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111233.
Neimark, B. (2023). Concrete Impacts: Blast Walls, Wartime Emissions, and the Us Occupation of Iraq. Antipode, 56(3), 983-1005. https://doi.org/10.1111/Anti.13006
Oğul, B. (2022). BRICS-T ülkelerinde döviz kuru geçiş etkisi: panel eşbütünleşme testi. Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.54969/abuijss.1087251
Olanrewaju, V. O., Irfan, M., Altuntaş, M., Agyekum, E. B., Kamel, S., & El-Naggar, M. F. (2022). Towards Sustainable Environment in G7 Nations: The Role Of Renewable Energy Consumption, Eco-Innovation and Trade Openness. Frontiers In Environmental Science, 10, 925822. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.925822
Olubusoye, O. E., & Musa, D. (2020). Carbon emissions and economic growth in Africa: are they related?, Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1850400. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1850400
Onofrei, M., Vatamanu, A. F., & Cigu, E. (2022). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions In EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis. Frontiers In Environmental Science, 10, 934885. https://doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.934885
Özbek, S., & Oğul, B. (2022). Finansal Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Kisa ve Uzun Dönemli Zaman Serisi Bulgulari. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.24889/ifede.1052625
Ozcan, B., Tzeremes, P. G., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2020). Energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation in OECD countries. Economic Modelling, 84, 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.04.010
Pata, U. K., Dam, M. M., & Kaya, F. (2023). How Effective Are Renewable Energy, Tourism, Trade Openness, and Foreign Direct Investment on CO2 Emissions? An EKC Analysis for ASEAN Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 14821-14837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z
Pejović, B., Karadžić, V., Dragašević, Z., & Backović, T. (2021). Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the countries of the European Union and the Western Balkans. Energy Reports, 7, 2775-2783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.05.011
Perone, G. (2024). The Relationship Between Renewable Energy Production and CO2 Emissions In 27 OECD Countries: A Panel Cointegration and Granger Non-Causality Approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 139655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z
Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test In The Presence of Cross‐Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing Weak Cross-Sectional Dependence in Large Panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956623
Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
Powell, D. (2016). Quantile regression with nonadditive fixed effects. Unpublished paper. https:// works.bepress.com/david_powell/1/ (10.03.2025).
PWC. (2019). Banking in 2050: How big will the emerging markets get? Please contact Frances Lilley on 0207212 6917. The original ‘world in 2050’ report on the projected future size of the E7 economies is available to download from https://www.pwc.com/world2050 (15.02.2025).
Radmehr, R., Henneberry, S. R., & Shayanmehr, S. (2021). Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth nexus: a simultaneity spatial modeling analysis of EU countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.01.006
Rahman M. Z. (2013). Relationship between Trade Openness and Carbon Emission: A Case of Bangladesh. Journal of Empirical Economics, 1(4), 126-134.
Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2022). Effects of Corruption, Technological Innovation, Globalisation, and Renewable Energy on Carbon Emissions In Asian Countries. Utilities Policy, 79, 101448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2022.101448
Ramos, T. B., & De Melo, J. J. (2005). Environmental Management Practices in The Defence Sector: Assessment of The Portuguese Military's Environmental Profile. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(12), 1117-1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.05.003
Sadiq, M., Chau, K. Y., Ha, N. T. T., Phan, T. T. H., Ngo, T. Q., & Huy, P. Q. (2024). The Impact of Green Finance, Eco-Innovation, Renewable Energy and Carbon Taxes On CO2 Emissions In BRICS Countries: Evidence From CS ARDL Estimation. Geoscience Frontiers, 15(4), 101689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101689
Safi, A., Chen, Y., Wahab, S., Ali, S., Yi, X., & Imran, M. (2021). Financial instability and consumption-based carbon emission in E-7 countries: the role of trade and economic growth. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.034
Saidi, K., & Omri, A. (2020). The impact of renewable energy on carbon emissions and economic growth in 15 major renewable energy-consuming countries. Environmental Research. 186, 109567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109567
Sarkodie, S., Owusu, P., & Leirvik, T. (2020). Global Effect of Urban Sprawl, Industrialization, Trade and Economic Development On Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Environmental Research Letters, 15(3), 034049. https://doi.Org/10.1088/1748-9326/Ab7640
Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade Openness–Carbon Emissions Nexus: The Importance of Turning Points of Trade Openness for Country Panels. Energy Economics, 61, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.008
Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A.K., Nasir, M., 2013. The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa. Energy Pol. 61, 1452–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.006
Sikder, M., Wang, C., Yao, X., Huai, X., Wu, L., KwameYeboah, F., ... & Dou, X. (2022). The integrated impact of GDP growth, industrialization, energy use, and urbanization on CO2 emissions in developing countries: evidence from the panel ARDL approach. Science of the Total Environment, 837, 155795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155795
Şimşek, O., Güler, İ., Özbek, S., Adalı, Z., & Naimoğlu, M. Exploring the impact of globalization, economic complexity, urbanization, and real income on environmental degradation in E-7 countries. Ege Academic Review, 25(1), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250113
SIPRI 2025, https://www.sipri.org/databases (07.02.2025).
Sun, H., Enna, L., Monney, A., Tran, D. K., Rasoulinezhad, E., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). The Long-Run Effects of Trade Openness on Carbon Emissions In Sub-Saharan African Countries. Energies, 13(20), 5295. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205295
Sun, H., Enna, L., Monney, A., Tran, D.K., Rasoulinezhad, E., Taghizadeh- Hesary, F. (2020.) The Long-Run Effects of Trade Openness on Carbon Emissions in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Energies 13(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205295
Tekin, B., & Bastak, S. N. (2022). Panel kantil regresyon yaklaşımı ile getiriyi etkileyen içsel faktörlerin modellenmesi: BIST 100 örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(42), 194-208. https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1985360
Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
Tong, T., Ortiz, J., Xu, C., & Li, F. (2020). Economic growth, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in the E7 countries: a bootstrap ARDL bound test. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 10(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-020-00253-6
Tufail, M., Song, L., Umut, A., Ismailova, N., & Kuldasheva, Z. (2022). Does Financial Inclusion Promote A Green Economic System? Evaluating The Role of Energy Efficiency. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 6780-6800. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2053363
Türkeş, M. (2024). The role of sustainability and sustainable development in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Sustainable Social Development, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.54517/ssd.v2i1.2407
Uddin, M., Rashid, M. H. U., Ahamad, S., & Ehigiamusoe, K. U. (2024). Impact of militarization, energy consumption, and ICT on CO2 emissions in G20 countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(5), 11771-11793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03483-8
Ullah, A., Zhao, X., Kamal, M. A., & Zheng, J. (2020). Modeling the relationship between military spending and stock market development (a) symmetrically in China: An empirical analysis via the NARDL approach. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 554, 124106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.124106
Umar, M., Ji, X., Kırıkkaleli, D., Shahbaz, M., & Zhou, X. (2020). Environmental Cost of Natural Resources Utilization and Economic Growth: Can China Shift Some Burden Through Globalization for Sustainable Development?. Sustainable Development, 28(6), 1678-1688. https://doi.org/10.1002/Sd.2116
Ursavaş, N. (2025). Doğal Kaynak Geliri, Ticari Açiklik, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Bozulma İlişkisi: Mist Ülkelerinden Bulgular. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 84-102. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1493159
Wang, Z., Jebli, M. B., Madaleno, M., Doğan, B., & Shahzad, U. (2021). Does Export Product Quality and Renewable Energy Induce Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence From Leading Complex and Renewable Energy Economies. Renewable Energy, 171, 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.066
WDI (2025), https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (07.02.2025).
Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A Panel Bootstrap Cointegration Test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003
Xu, D., Sheraz, M., Hassan, A., Sinha, A., & Ullah, S. (2022). Financial Development, Renewable Energy and CO2 Emission In G7 Countries: New Evidence From Non-Linear and Asymmetric Analysis. Energy Economics, 109, 105994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105994
Xu, P., Zhang, J., & Mehmood, U. (2023). How Do Green Investments, Foreign Direct Investment, and Renewable Energy Impact CO2 Emissions? Measuring The Role of Education In E-7 Nations. Sustainability, 15(19), 14052. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914052
Yunzhao, L. (2022). Modelling The Role of Eco Innovation, Renewable Energy, and Environmental Taxes In Carbon Emissions Reduction In E− 7 Economies: Evidence From Advance Panel Estimations. Renewable Energy, 190, 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.119
Zhang, J., Li, Z., Ali, A., & Wang, J. (2023). Does Globalization Matter in The Relationship Between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth, Evidence From Asian Emerging Economies. Plos One, 18(8), E0289720. https://doi.org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0289720
Zhang, S., Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2017). Does Trade Openness Affect CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Ten Newly Industrialized Countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 17616-17625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9392-8
Downloads
Veröffentlicht
Zitationsvorschlag
Ausgabe
Rubrik
Lizenz
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.
The Author(s) must make formal transfer of copyright for each article prior to publication in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences. Such transfer enables the Journal to defend itself against plagiarism and other forms of copyright infringement. Your cooperation is appreciated. You agree that copyright of your article to be published in the International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences is hereby transferred, throughout the World and for the full term and all extensions and renewals thereof, to International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences.
The Author(s) reserve(s): (a) the trademark rights and patent rights, if any, and (b) the right to use all or part of the information contained in this article in future, non-commercial works of the Author's own, or, if the article is a "work-for-hire" and made within the scope of the Author's employment, the employer may use all or part of the information contained in this article for intra-company use, provided the usual acknowledgements are given regarding copyright notice and reference to the original publication.
The Author(s) warrant(s) that the article is Author's original work, and has not been published before. If excerpts from copyrighted works are included, the Author will obtain written permission from the copyright owners and shall credit the sources in the article. The author also warrants that the article contains no libelous or unlawful statements, and does not infringe on the rights of others. If the article was prepared jointly with other Author(s), the Author agrees to inform the co-Author(s) of the terms of the copyright transfer and to sign on their behalf; or in the case of a "work-for-hire" the employer or an authorized representative of the employer.
The journal is registered with the ISSN : 1925-4423.
IJCEAS is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.
