The Effect of Dark Leadership Perception on Quiet Quitting and The Mediating Role of Presenteeism: A Study on Healthcare Workers

Aeen, M.N., Zarei, R., & Matin, H.Z. (2014). Do the organizational rumors emphasize the influence of organizational silence over organizational commitment. Journal of Social Issues & Humanities, 2(1), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50131-0_17

Ahmed, M.A.O., Zhang, J., Fouad, A.S., Mousa, K., & Nour, H.M. (2024). The dark side of leadership: How toxic leadership fuels counterproductive work behaviors through organizational cynicism and injustice. Sustainability, 17(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010105

Akhtar, M.W., Huo, C., Syed, F., Safdar, M.A., Rasool, A., Husnain, M., & Sajjad, M.S. (2022). Carrot and stick approach: The exploitative leadership and absenteeism in education sector. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 890064. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.890064

Albashiti, B., Hamid, Z., & Aboramadan, M. (2021). Fire in the belly: the impact of despotic leadership on employees work-related outcomes in the hospitality setting. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(10), 3564-3584. https://www.emerald.com/insight/0959-6119

Alhasnawi, H. H., & Abbas, A. A. (2021). Narcissistic leadership and workplace deviance: a moderated mediation model of organizational aggression and workplace hostility. Organizacija, 54(4), 334-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orga-2021-0023

Ashforth, B. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47(7), 755-778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700701

Asim, M., Zhiying, L., Nadeem, M. A., Ghani, U., Arshad, M., & Yi, X. (2021). How authoritarian leadership affects employee’s helping behavior? The mediating role of rumination and moderating role of psychological ownership. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 667348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667348

Asrar-ul-Haq, M., & Anjum, T. (2020). Impact of narcissistic leadership on employee work outcomes in banking sector of Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00040-x

Aubrey, D. W. (2012). The effect of toxic leadership. Pennsylvania: US Army War College. https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA560645

Avcı, N. (2023). The relations between organizational cynicism, organizational silence, presenteeism and quiet quitting: The case of Istanbul Maltepe municipality. Süleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal, 14(39), 968-989. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1217165

Avolio, B.J., & Gardner, W.L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001

Badilla M.J., Alberto, J.M., Depacaquivo, A.K., Maranon, Z., & Regaspi, D.G. (2023). Quiet quitting: Is it a trend among Metro Manila professionals? Research Paper, Ateneo Graduate School of Busıness. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11181091

Bakotić, D. (2023). Relationship between quiet quitting and leadership orientation: The case of Croatian employees. DIEM Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting, 8(1), 38-45. https://doi. org/10.17818/diem/2023/1.5

Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173

Bașar, U. (2020). İş yerinde karanlık liderlik algısı ölçeği. İstanbul Kent Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 70-103. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.983

Başar, U. (2020). A multilevel study of relationships between leaders’ dark triad and employee burnout: Mediating role of perceived dark leadership. Journal of Business Research-Turk, 12(3), 2407-2423. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.983

Başar, U. (2020). Workplace perceived dark leadership scale. Istanbul Kent University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 70-103. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/itbfkent/issue/53101/691655

Başar, U., Sığrı, Ü., & Basım, N. (2016). Dark leadership at the workplace. The Journal of Human and Work, 3(2), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.61037

Belschak, F. D., Muhammad, R. S., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2018). Birds of a feather can butt heads: When Machiavellian employees work with Machiavellian leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 151, 613-626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3251-2

Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Bentler, P.M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance test and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588

Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M. A., & Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction. International Business Research, 5(2), 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v5n2p192

Boddy, C.R. (2017). Psychopathic leadership a case study of a corporate psychopath CEO. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 141-156. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10551-015-2908-6

Böckerman, P., & Laukkanen, E. (2009). Presenteeism in Finland: Determinants by gender and the sector of economy. Ege Academic Review, 9(3), 1007-1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21121/eab.2009319701

Bracewell, L.M., Campbell, D.I., Faure, P.R., Giblin, E.R., Morris, T.A., Satterthwaite, L.B. et al. (2010). Sickness presenteeism in a New Zealand hospital. The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), 123(1314), 31-42. http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/123-1314/4106/

Brown, L.R., McCray, P., Neal, J.L., & Caldwell-Serges, L. (2023). Corporate digital literacy mandates: Using SDT-based strategies to circumvent “quiet quitting” syndrome. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning, 16(2), 18-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijac.v16i2.35747

Budak, O., & Erdal, N. (2022). The mediating role of burnout syndrome in toxic leadership and job satisfaction in organizations. The South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 17(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2022-0011

Byrne, B.M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410600219

Cai, H., Wang, L., & Jin, X. (2024). Leader’s Machiavellianism and employees’ counterproductive work behavior: Testing a moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1283509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283509

Cai, H., Wang, L., & Jin, X. (2024). Leader’s Machiavellianism and employees’ counterproductive work behavior: Testing a moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1283509. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283509

Callen, B. L., Lindley, L. C., & Niederhauser, V. P. (2013). Health risk factors associated with presenteeism in the workplace. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(11), 1312-1317. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e3182a200f4

Chambers, C., Frampton, C., & Barclay, M. (2017). Presenteeism in the New Zealand senior medical workforce—A mixed-methods analysis. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 130(1449), 10-21.

Chau, P. Y. (1997). Reexamining a model for evaluating information center success using a structural equation modeling approach. Decision Sciences, 28(2), 309-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01313.x

Chiang, J.T.J., Chen, X.P., Liu, H., Akutsu, S., & Wang, Z. (2021). We have emotions but can’t show them! Authoritarian leadership, emotion suppression climate, and team performance. Human Relations, 74(7), 1082-1111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720908649

Cho, Y.S., Park, J.B., Lee, K.J., Min, K.B., & Baek, C.I. (2016). The association between Korean workers’ presenteeism and psychosocial factors within workplaces. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 28(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0124-1

Clements, C., & Washbush, J. B. (1999). The two faces of leadership: considering the dark side of leader‐follower dynamics. Journal of Workplace Learning, 11(5), 170-176. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1108/13665629910279509

Conger, J. A. (1990). The dark side of leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 19(2), 44-55. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90070-6

Coşkun, Ö. (2012). Evaluation of factors for absenteeism and presenteeism at two work place [Doctoral thesis, Ankara University]. Higher Education National Thesis Center.

Creswell, J.W., & Poth, C.N. (2018) Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches (4th Edition). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

D’Errico, A., Viotti, S., Baratti, A., Mottura, B., Barocelli, A. P., Tagna, M. et al. (2013). Low back pain and associated presenteeism among hospital nursing staff. Journal of Occupational Health, 55(4), 276-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.12-0261-OA

Davis, K. (2016). An examination of corporate pyschopathy and the influence of negative leadership behaviors on organizational performance and employee well-being [Project, Texas Christian University]. https://repository.tcu.edu/handle/116099117/11359

Day, D.V. (2000). Leadership development: A review in context. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 581-613. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00061-8

Dietz, C., & Scheel, T. (2017). Leadership and presenteeism among scientific staff: The role of accumulation of work and time pressure. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1885. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01885

Duan, J., Bao, C., Huang, C., & Brinsfield, C. T. (2018). Authoritarian leadership and employee silence in China. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(1), 62-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.61

Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 16-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437729910268588

Fernandez, S. (2008). Examining the effects of leadership behavior on employee perceptions of performance and job satisfaction. Public Performance & Management Review, 32(2), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.2753/PMR1530-9576320201

Fernando, M., Caputi, P., & Ashbury, F. (2017). Impact on employee productivity from presenteeism and absenteeism. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(7), 691-696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001060

Freudenberger, H.J. (1975). The staff burn-out syndrome in alternative institutions. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 12(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086411

Furnham, A., Trickey, G., & Hyde, G. (2012). Bright aspects to dark side traits: Dark side traits associated with work success. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(8), 908-913. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.025

Furuichi, W., Shimura, A., Miyama, H., Seki, T., Ono, K., Masuya, J., & Inoue, T. (2020). Effects of job stressors, stress response, and sleep disturbance on presenteeism in office workers. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 16, 1827-1833. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s258508

Garrido, T.Á. (2021). Supervisors’ dark triad ımpact on affective organizational commitment and satisfaction with supervisors [Master’s thesis, ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa].

Genau, H. A., Blickle, G., Schütte, N., & Meurs, J. A. (2021). Machiavellian leader effectiveness. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000284

George, R., Chiba, M., & Scheepers, C. B. (2017). An investigation into the effect of leadership style on stress-related presenteeism in South African knowledge workers. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v15i0.754

Gkorezis, P., Petridou, E., & Krouklidou, T. (2015). The detrimental effect of machiavellian leadership on employees’ emotional exhaustion: Organizational cynicism as a mediator. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(4), 619.http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i4.988

Goto, E., Ishikawa, H., Okuhara, T., Ueno, H., Okada, H., Fujino, Y., & Kiuchi, T. (2020). Presenteeism among workers: health-related factors, work-related factors and health literacy. Occupational Medicine, 70(8), 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa168

Green, J.E. (2014). Toxic leadership in educational organizations. Education Leadership Review, 15(1), 18-33. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1105504.pdf

Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: Felsefe-yöntem-analiz. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.

Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.

Hakimi, I. (2020). Failure of organizational trust by psychopath managers: Exploring the role of abusive supervision and decline of job satisfaction. Journal of Human Resource Studies, 10(2), 75-100. https://doi.org/10.22034/jhrs.2020.229425.1410

Hamad, D.A.A. (2024). The role of conscious leadership in reducing quiet quitting–An exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of employees in the general directorate of education in Salah Al-Din Governorate. South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases, 6(6), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.36346/sarjbm.2024.v06i06.004

Hameed, B. (2019). Detrimental consequences of psychopathic leadership: The case of banking employees in Pakistan [Doctoral dissertation, Capital University of Science & Technology]. https://thesis.cust.edu.pk/UploadedFiles/bushra%20123.pdf

Hammali, A., & Nastiezaie, N. (2022). The effect of machiavelli leadership on destructive organizational behaviors through mediation job stress. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(2), 272-282. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.2.319

Hetland, H., Sandal, G.M., & Johnsen, T.B. (2007). Burnout in the information technology sector: Does leadership matter?. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320601084558.

Hiltunen, H. (2023). Quiet quitting phenomenon in finnish aviation industry [Bachelor thesis, Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences]. https://www.theseus.fi/

Hinse, E., & Mathieu, C. (2023). The impact of leadership on employee presenteeism: A comparison between police and non-police samples. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 25(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/14613557221122294

House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Howard, K. J., Howard, J. T., & Smyth, A. F. (2012). The problem of absenteeism and presenteeism in the workplace. In: R.J. Gatchel and I.Z. Schultz (eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health and Wellness (pp.151-179). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4839-6_8

Hunt, J., & Fitzgerald, M. (2018). Styles of leadership. In N. Muenjohn, A. McMurray, M. Fernando, J. Hunt, M. Fitzgerald, B. McKenna, A. Intezari, S. Bankins and J. Waterhouse (eds.), Leadership: Regional and Global Perspectives (pp.62-98). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108550290

Iqbal, J., Asghar, A., & Asghar, M. Z. (2022). Effect of despotic leadership on employee turnover intention: Mediating toxic workplace environment and cognitive distraction in academic institutions. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050125

Işık, M., & Kızıltuğ, S. (2022). The effect of perceived dark leadership on employee performance and job satisfaction. Istanbul Ticaret University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(43), 307-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.1062866

Jabeen, R., & Rahim, N. (2020). Mediating role of perception of job insecurity on the relationship between despotic leadership and work engagement: Pakistani perspective. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 6(2), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.47067/reads.v6i2.205

Jabeen, R., & Rahim, N. (2021). Exploring the effects of despotic leadership on employee engagement, employee trust and task performance. Management Science Letters, 11(1), 223-232. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.8.012

Janssens, H., Clays, E., De Clercq, B., De Bacquer, D., & Braeckman, L. (2013). The relation between presenteeism and different types of future sickness absence. Journal of Occupational Health, 55(3), 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.12-0164-OA

Janssens, H., Clays, E., De Clercq, B., De Bacquer, D., Casini, A., Kittel, F., & Braeckman, L. (2015). Association between psychosocial characteristics of work and presenteeism: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 29(2), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00588

Joaquim, A.F.V.L., Figueiredo, P.C.N., Silva, V.R.C., & da Fonseca, C.N. (2023). Positive leadership and the quiet quitting movement in organizations. In A. Samad, E. Ahmad and N. Arora (eds.), Global Leadership Perspectives on Industry, Society, and Government in An Era of Uncertainty (pp.19-34). IGI Global. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8257-5

Johns, G. (2010). Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 519-542. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.630

Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M.W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.765

Karaçınar, H., & Ozdemir, L. (2022). The effect of employees’ dark leadership and favoritism perceptions on presenteeism: A research on textile workers Journal of Economic, Administrative and Political Research, 7(19), 620-643. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1148684

Kargas, A.D., & Varoutas, D. (2015). On the relation between organizational culture and leadership: An empirical analysis. Cogent Business & Management, 2(1), 1055953. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2015.1055953

Kayani, M. B., Zafar, A., Aksar, M., & Hassan, S. (2019). Impacts of despotic leadership and dark personality triad on follower’s sense of meaningful work: moderating influence of organizational justice. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 11(2), 322-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.35

Kazu, İ.Y., & Yıldırım, D. (2021). Mesleki tükenmişlik: Etki eden faktörler, belirtileri ve sonuçları. Eğitim ve Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 462-473. https://doi.org/10.51725/etad.1003628

Koopman, C., Pelletier, K.R., Murray, J.F., Sharda, C.E., Berger, M.L., Turpin, R.S. et al. (2002). Stanford presenteeism scale: Health status and employee productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200201000-00004

Landay, K., Harms, P.D., & Credé, M. (2019). Shall we serve the dark lords? A meta-analytic review of psychopathy and leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(1), 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/apl0000357

Lašáková, A., & Remišová, A. (2015). Unethical leadership: Current theoretical trends and conceptualization. Procedia Economics and Finance, 34, 319-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01636-6

Lavoie‐Tremblay, M., Fernet, C., Lavigne, G.L., & Austin, S. (2016). Transformational and abusive leadership practices: impacts on novice nurses, quality of care and intention to leave. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(3), 582-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12860

Leary, T., & Ashman, J. (2018). Narcissistic leadership: Important considerations and practical implications. International Leadership Journal, 10(2), 62-74.

Lipman-Blumen, J. (2010). Toxic leadership: A conceptual framework. In: F. Bournois, J. Duval-Hamel, S. Roussillon and J.L. Scaringella (eds.), Handbook of Top Management Teams (pp. 214-220). London: Palgrave Macmillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230305335_23

Liyanagamage, N., Fernando, M., & Gibbons, B. (2023). The emotional Machiavellian: Interactions between leaders and employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 186, 657-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05233-8

Lu, L., Lin, H. Y., & Cooper, C. L. (2013). Unhealthy and present: Motives and consequences of the act of presenteeism among Taiwanese employees. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(4), 406. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034331

Lu, M., Al Mamun, A., Chen, X., Yang, Q., & Masukujjaman, M. (2023). Quiet quitting during COVID-19: The role of psychological empowerment. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02012-2

Lyu, D., Ji, L., Zheng, Q., Yu, B., & Fan, Y. (2019). Abusive supervision and turnover intention: Mediating effects of psychological empowerment of nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(2), 198-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.12.005

Manyaga, B. (2024). The role of leadership on mitigating quiet quitting for improved organisational performance in the digital era: Perspectives from Generation Z. In F. Schutte, G. Bekaroo and T. Oosthuizen (eds.), A practice based approach to rethinking leadership in the digital era: Book of Abstracts of ShiftXchange 2024 International Conference (p. 40). STADIO Higher Education and Middlesex University Mauritius.

Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2015). Tell me who you are, I’ll tell you how you lead: Beyond the full-range leadership model, the role of corporate psychopathy on employee attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 8-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.016

Mathieu, C., Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., & Babiak, P. (2014). A dark side of leadership: Corporate psychopathy and its influence on employee well-being and job satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.010

McCleskey, J. (2013). The dark side of leadership: Measurement, assessment, and intervention. Business Renaissance Quarterly, 8(2/3), 35-53.

Mehraein, V., Visintin, F., & Pittino, D. (2023). The dark side of leadership: A systematic review of creativity and innovation. International Journal of Management Reviews, 25(4), 740-767. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12334

Mergen, A., & Ozbilgin, M. F. (2021). Understanding the followers of toxic leaders: Toxic illusio and personal uncertainty. International Journal of Management Reviews, 23(1), 45-63. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/ijmr.12240

Metcalfe, J. E. (2023). What’s the intersection between the great resignation and quiet quitting? http://kajabi-storefrontsproduction.s3.amazonaws.com/fileuploads/sites/149436/themes/2151101197/downloads/627a4ce-28d8-aa71-6b66fbd75cf6eb8e_What_s_The_Intersection_Between-4.pdf

Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G.C., & Guarino, A.J. (2005). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802687

Murari, K. (2013). Abusive leadership–A barrier to employee empowerment. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(4), 8-21. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/view/6140

Muthuswamy, V.V., & Li, H.X. (2023). Abusive leadership mitigates psychological well-being and increases presenteeism: Exploration of the negative effects of abusive leadership on employees’ mental health. American Journal of Health Behavior, 47(3), 498-509. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.47.3.7

Norouzinik, Y., Rahimnia, F., Maharati, Y., & Eslami, G. (2022). Narcissistic leadership and employees’ innovative behaviour: mediating roles of job embeddedness and job engagement. Innovation, 24(3), 355-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2021.1897467

Palmen, D.G., Kolthoff, E.W., & Derksen, J.J. (2021). The need for domination in psychopathic leadership: A clarification for the estimated high prevalence of psychopathic leaders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 61, 101650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2021.101650

Paulhus, D.L., & Williams, K.M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6

Pevec, N. (2023). The concept of identifying factors of quiet quitting in organizations: an integrative literature review. Challenges of the Future, 2, 128-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.37886/ip.2023.006

Pizzolitto, E., Verna, I., & Venditti, M. (2023). Authoritarian leadership styles and performance: a systematic literature review and research agenda. Management Review Quarterly, 73(2), 841-871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-022-00263-y

Potokar, J.L., Onge, K.O.S., & Hunter, S. (2023). Unmasking the experiences of pharmaceutical sales reps: A qualitative exploration of quiet quitting and burnout. Journal of Values-Based Business, 1(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.46743/2769-093X/2023.1011

Raja, U., Haq, I. U., De Clercq, D., & Azeem, M. U. (2020). When ethics create misfit: Combined effects of despotic leadership and Islamic work ethic on job performance, job satisfaction, and psychological well‐being. International Journal of Psychology, 55(3), 332-341. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12606

Raza, J. (2021). Does Machiavellian leadership of HODs Hinder University teachers’ creativity? A moderated-mediation model. Journal of Business, Universidad del Pacífico (Lima, Peru), 13(1), 2-18. https://doi.org/10.21678/jb.2021.1639

Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health (2023). Health Statistics Yearbook 2023 Newsletter, No.12. https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/49429/0/haber-bulteni-2023-30092024pdf.pdf

Robertson, I., Leach, D., Doerner, N., & Smeed, M. (2012). Poor health but not absent: prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of presenteeism. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(11), 1344-1349. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e31825dff4b

Rosenthal, S.A., & Pittinsky, T.L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 617-633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.005

Samalopanan, A. (2018). Presentism in workplace: Systematic review and development of an integrated model. International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Management Studies, 4(1), 12-20. https://www.ijahmsjournal.com/ijahms/article/view/1011

Sanderson, K., & Cocker, F. (2013). Presenteeism: Implications and health risks. Australian Family Physician, 42(4), 172-175.

Sandhu, M.A.A., & Fatima, T. (2021). Examining the relationship between psychopathic leadership, work phobic anxiety and employee work alienation: The moderating role of hostile attribution bias. Journal of Organisational Studies & Innovation, 8(1), 14-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51659/josi.20.137

Sarros, J.C., Gray, J., & Densten, I.L. (2002). Leadership and its impact on organizational culture. International Journal of Business Studies, 10(2), 1-26. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288676741

Schmidt, B., Schneider, M., Seeger, P., van Vianen, A., Loerbroks, A., & Herr, R. M. (2019). A comparison of job stress models: associations with employee well-being, absenteeism, presenteeism, and resulting costs. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(7), 535-544. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000001582

Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta‐analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 138-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.09.001

Shan, G., Wang, W., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Guo, S., & Li, Y. (2022). Authoritarian leadership and nurse presenteeism: the role of workload and leader identification. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-01119-2

Shen, Y., Chou, W. J., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2019). The roles of relational identification and workgroup cultural values in linking authoritarian leadership to employee performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(4), 498-509. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1615453

Silva-Costa, A., Ferreira, P. C., Griep, R. H., & Rotenberg, L. (2020). Association between presenteeism, psychosocial aspects of work and common mental disorders among nursing personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186758

Simard, K., & Parent-Lamarche, A. (2022). Abusive leadership, psychological well-being, and intention to quit during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation analysis among Quebec’s healthcare system workers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 95, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01790-z

Smith, S.F., & Lilienfeld, S.O. (2013). Psychopathy in the workplace: The knowns and unknowns. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(2), 204-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.007

Stradovnik, K., & Stare, J. (2018). Correlation between Machiavellian leadership and emotional exhaustion of employees: Case study: Slovenian municipalities. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(8), 1037-1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-06-2018-0232

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2020). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı [Using multivariate statistics]. (M. Baloğlu, Trans., 6. ed.). Ankara: Nobel.

Takala, T. (2010). Dark leadership, charisma and trust. Psychology, 1(1), 59-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2010.11009

Tariq, F., Amad, M., & Inayat, M. (2021). Employee behavioural silence and organization based self-esteem: A study of psychopathic leadership in government departments in Pakistan. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 5(1), 458-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.30

Telli, E., Sinan Ünsar, A., & Oğuzhan, A. (2012). Liderlik davranış tarzlarının çalışanların örgütsel tükenmişlik ve işten ayrılma eğilimleri üzerine etkisi: Konuyla ilgili bir uygulama. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 2(2), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.17339/EJOVOC.61677

Tepper, B.J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556375

Thoroughgood, C.N., Hunter, S.T., & Sawyer, K.B. (2011). Bad apples, bad barrels, and broken followers? An empirical examination of contextual influences on follower perceptions and reactions to aversive leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 100, 647-672. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10551-010-0702-z

Turpin, R.S., Ozminkowski, R.J., Sharda, C.E., Collins, J.J., Berger, M.L., Billotti, G.M. et al. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(11), 1123-1133. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000144999.35675.a0

Uğurlu, F. (2022). Makyavelist liderliğin örgütsel sinizm ve mobbinge etkisi: Hatay ili bankacılık sektöründe bir araştırma. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 822-836. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gumus/issue/70421/1023623

Üngör, J.E. (2021). Karanlık liderlik davranışlarının iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisi. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 9(1), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v9i1.1738

Vänni, K.J., Neupane, S., & Nygård, C.H. (2017). Associations between perceived leadership and presenteeism in an industrial population. Occupational Medicine, 67(9), 672-677. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqx156

Vernon, P.A., Villani, V.C., Vickers, L.C., & Harris, J.A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the dark triad and the Big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2), 445-452. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007

Vieira, I.D.D.S. (2018). Emotions, burnout and presenteeism in the workplace (Master’s thesis, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa). https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/17458

Wang, H., Jiao, R., & Li, F. (2022). Research on the effect of narcissistic leadership on employee job embeddedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 927529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927529

Wang, Z., Liu, Y., & Liu, S. (2019). Authoritarian leadership and task performance: the effects of leader-member exchange and dependence on leader. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 13, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11782-019-0066-x

Wiguna, S., Murwaningsari, E., & Sudibyo, Y.A. (2023). Effect of dark side leadership and leader-member exchange on corporate performance: Mediating role of employee engagement. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(2), 267-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.28

Won, Y., Kim, H. C., Kim, J., Kim, M., Yang, S.C., Park, S.G., & Leem, J.H. (2022). Impacts of presenteeism on work-related injury absence and disease absence. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 34, e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e25

Xu, A.J., Loi, R., & Lam, L.W. (2015). The bad boss takes it all: How abusive supervision and leader–member exchange interact to influence employee silence. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(5), 763-774. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.002

Yang, T., Shi, H., Guo, Y., Jin, X., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., & Deng, J. (2020). Effect of work environment on presenteeism among aging American workers: the moderated mediating effect of sense of control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010245

Yao, Y.H., Fan, Y.Y., Guo, Y.X., & Li, Y. (2014). Leadership, work stress and employee behavior. Chinese Management Studies, 8(1), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-04-2014-0089

Yıldız, S., & Özmenekşe, Y.O. (2022). An aftermath for worklife: Quiet quitting. Al Farabi International Journal on Social Sciences, 7(4), 14-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/Al-Farabi.070402

Yılmaz, K. (2024). Quiet quitting in organizations: A conceptual analysis and evaluation of research conducted in Türkiye. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 13(4), 1395-1410. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1491850

Younus, S., Danish, R.Q., Sair, S.A., Ramzan, M., & Sheikh, L. (2020). Relationship of Machiavellian leadership to counterproductive work behavior with mediating mechanism of justice perceptions: Evidence from tanner sector of Pakistan. Academic Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS), 4(3), 741-749. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ajss.2020.04031100

Yousif, M.B.Z., & Loukil, T.M. (2022). Determining the effect of narcissistic leadership on employee performance: An applied study in a private college in Iraq. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(5), 182-196. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0134

Yousif, M.B.Z., & Loukil, T.M. (2022). Determining the effect of narcissistic leadership on employee performance: An applied study in a private college in Iraq. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(5), 182-196. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0134

Zaidleppelin. (2022, July 25). On quiet quitting [Video file]. Tiktok. https://www.tiktok.com/@zaidleppelin/video/7124414185282391342?is_copy_url=1&is_from_web app=v1&

Zhou, Q., Martinez, L.F., Ferreira, A.I., & Rodrigues, P. (2016). Supervisor support, role ambiguity and productivity associated with presenteeism: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3380-3387. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.006

Zhou, X., Rasool, S.F., Yang, J., & Asghar, M.Z. (2021). Exploring the relationship between despotic leadership and job satisfaction: the role of self efficacy and leader–member exchange. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105307

Zopiatis, A., & Constanti, P. (2010). Leadership styles and burnout: Is there an association?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(3), 300-320. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111011035927